Development of the unsteady upward fire model to simulate polymer burning under UL94 vertical test conditions

Wang, Yong; Jow, Jinder; Su, Kenny; Zhang, Jun

doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2012.08.001

Cited by 18 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Equation 3Assuming values for the heat transfer coefficients, polymer conductivity, flame temperature and water temperature, it is possible to investigate the effect of wall thickness and water temperature on the temperature profile across the polymer wall. The values for hh and Th were adopted from the work of Wang et al [29,30] to represent the effective heat transfer coefficient and temperature of a flame consistent with UL 94 standards. The value for k was chosen as a mid-range value for polymers.…”

Section: Heat Transfer Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The material properties for air and water were taken without modification from the material library. The outer walls were assumed to be adiabatic whilst the heat from the flame was modelled by applying a heat transfer coefficient of 54.3 W/mK and a flame temperature of 2026 K to the bottom 10 mm of the sample, based on the findings of Wang et al [29,30]. The outer walls were assumed to be adiabatic whilst the heat from the flame was modelled by applying a 54.3 W/mK heat transfer coefficient and a flame temperature of 2026 K across a 20 mm wide section on the bottom surfaces.…”

Section: Thermal Modellingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fire resistance of additively manufactured water filled polymer parts

Brooks

Wright

Harris

et al. 2018

Additive Manufacturing

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This paper introduces the concept of additively manufactured (AM) water filled parts (WFPs). By combining the energy absorbing properties of water with polymers it is possible to significantly improve time to ignition of AM parts with open internal structures. Theory relating the flame temperature to the maximum wall temperature of WFPs is developed. A range of water-polymer configurations are presented as a basis for WFP designs. Three separate thermal experiments were conducted to test different aspects of the WFPs. The time to ignition for cone calorimetry samples was extended 794% over plain photopolymers. Case studies were used to demonstrate the effectiveness of WFPs with complex shapes. The results of thermo-fluid finite element simulations showed good agreement with experimental observations and provide a useful tool for the evaluation and optimisation of WFP designs. The fire resistance of thin walled structures were found to be significantly improved by adding water. The water filling strategy was found to be more effective than adding intumescent coatings. Finally further work and recommendations are discussed.

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Section: Heat Transfer Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Thermal Modellingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fire resistance of additively manufactured water filled polymer parts

Brooks

Wright

Harris

et al. 2018

Additive Manufacturing

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“…Numerical and experimental tests have been performed in melt burning research [2,3] Moreover, experimental research on the melt/drip effects have been carried out at different scales by standard and self-designed facilities [4][5][6][7]. In these experiments, specimens from eight commercial products (all densities are more than 550 kg/m 3 ), have been tested with UL94 in vertical burning test conditions [4]: mass loss rate, first drop mass and diameter, first dripping time were used to describe the melt/drip effect in the experiment.…”

Section: *mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There is a variety of experiments in this direction, still sporadic to some extent, but providing step-by-step enough amount of data about the fire behavior of thermoplastics in fire, especially the foams. In this context, simulation of polymer burning under UL94 vertical test conditions based on mass loss rate to investigate the change in density to the predicted have been carried out [7]. As a supporting technique, TG experiments have been used to estimate the onset of melting and then to provide adequate results for modeling both the melting and pyrolysis stages [8].…”

Section: *mentioning

confidence: 99%

The melt/shrink effect of low density thermoplastics insulates: Cone calorimeter tests

Jin

Hristov

et al. 2017

THERM SCI

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The melt/shrink effects on the fire behavior of low density thermoplastic foam have been studied in a cone calorimeter. The experiments have been performed with four samples of expanded polystyrene foams having different thicknesses and two extruded polystyrene foams. Decrease in surface area and increase in density, characterizing the melt/shrink effect have been measured at different incident heat fluxes. Three of these foams tested have been also examined by burning tests at an incident heat flux of 50 kW/m 2. It was assessed that the fire behavior predictions based the current literature models provided incorrect results if the cone test results were applied directly. However, the correct models provided adequate results when the initial burning area and the density of the molten foam were used to correct the initial cone calorimeter data. This communication refers to the fact that both the effective burning area and the density of the molten foam affect the cone calorimeter data, which requires consequent corrections to attain adequate predictions of models about the materials fire behavior.

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“…The cone calorimeter became the premier dynamic research tool based on the principle of oxygen consumption calorimetry. The UL 94 V test is widely used both in industry and academic research centers, and is intended to meet industrial requirements as well as to hierarchically classify the polymeric materials [30]. UL 94 flame rating groups materials into categories based on their flammability.…”

Section: Recent Developments In Different Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advances in Flame Retardant of Different Types of Nanocomposites

Visakh

2015

Flame Retardants

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The present chapter deals with a brief account on various types topics in flame retardant of polymer nanocomposites. This chapter discussed with different topics such as flame retardancy of polymer nanocomposite, recent developments in different techniques used for the flame retardancy, recent development of phosphorus flame retardants in thermoplastic blends and nanocomposites, non-halogen flame retardants in epoxy-based composites and nanocomposites, flame retardant/ resistant based nanocomposites in textile, flame retardants in bitumens and nanocomposites, fire retardant for phase change material, flame retardant finishing for textiles, flame retardant of cellulosic materials and their composites. Flame Retardancy of Polymer NanocompositeFrom the application view polymers are very flammable materials, for preventing this flammability, scientists need to improve polymer fire retardancies, and this is a major challenging. Developing the effective environmentally friendly flame retardants is challenging. Because of this materials are very hazardous; they are widely used owing to their effectiveness and low cost. Flame retardant nanocomposites with conventional fire retardants to develop more-efficient materials showing improved mechanical properties. There are numerous nanofiller/conventionalfire-retardant already prepared. From some of the work related to CNTs shows that improve the flammable properties of nanocomposites also improved the mechanical properties such as electrical, thermal properties. Nanofiller-based flame retardants show high flame-retardant efficiencies. Nanofiller can reduce the peak heat release rates (PHRRs) of polymers and thus reduce the speed at which

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Development of the unsteady upward fire model to simulate polymer burning under UL94 vertical test conditions

Cited by 18 publications

References 23 publications

Fire resistance of additively manufactured water filled polymer parts

Fire resistance of additively manufactured water filled polymer parts

The melt/shrink effect of low density thermoplastics insulates: Cone calorimeter tests

Advances in Flame Retardant of Different Types of Nanocomposites

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