Development of the myotomal neuromuscular junction in Xenopus laevis: An electrophysiological and fine-structural study

Kullberg, R; Lentz, Thomas L.; Cohen, Maxime C.

doi:10.1016/0012-1606(77)90113-0

Cited by 247 publications

(152 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…In the case of the main FHSN axons, synapses are formed as a result of growth of the postsynaptic dendrites to the presynaptic cell. This is typical of the patterns of growth observed in many other models of synaptogenesis, for example vertebrate cholinergic neuromuscular junction formation in vivo (19) and in vitro (20), vertebrate neurons in vivo (21) and in vitro (22), moth neuromuscular junctions (23) and Mauthner cell innervation (24). In the optic lobe of Musca dornestica photoreceptor synapses are formed by growth of the postsynaptic cell to the presynaptic sites (25).…”

Section: Synaptogenesissupporting

confidence: 54%

Cholinergic Nerve Terminals in the Central Nervous System of Insects

Sattelle

Breert

1990

J Neuroendocrinology

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Section: Synaptogenesissupporting

confidence: 54%

Cholinergic Nerve Terminals in the Central Nervous System of Insects

Sattelle

Breert

1990

J Neuroendocrinology

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“…During myotome development, XMRF4 mRNA is detected only at stage 18 (Jennings, 1992), suggesting that it is not involved in either muscle determination or early muscle differentiation, because many muscle gene products are already present before it is detectably expressed in primary muscle cells (Table 1). MRF4 expression overlaps with the formation of neuroneuromuscular connections (Blackshaw and Warner, 1976b;Kullberg et al, 1977), and it has been demonstrated that Gaillard et al, 1999 This study muscle denervation persistently reduces the levels of its transcripts, suggesting that MRF4 expression may be induced by innervation and, hence, may be involved in mediating transcriptional responses to innervation (Jennings, 1992;Nicolas et al, 1999). Although myogenin expression is always associated with muscle differentiation in mammals, Xenopus myogenesis presents the particularity that Xmyogenin is not expressed in primary myotome.…”

Section: Muscle Gene Expression From Primary To Secondary Myogenesismentioning

confidence: 69%

Xenopusmuscle development: From primary to secondary myogenesis

Chanoine

Hardy

2002

Developmental Dynamics

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Xenopus myogenesis is characterized by specific features, different from those of mammalian and avian systems both at the cellular level and in gene expression patterns. During early embryogenesis, after the initial molecular signals inducing mesoderm, the myogenic determination factors XMyoD and XMyf-5 are activated in presomitic mesoderm in response to mesoderm-inducing factors. After these first inductions of the myogenic program, forming muscles in Xenopus can have different destinies, some of these resulting in cell death before adulthood. In particular, it is quite characteristic of this species that, during metamorphosis, the primary myotomal myofibers completely die and are progressively replaced by secondary "adult" multinucleated myofibers. This feature offers the unique opportunity to totally separate the molecular analysis of these two distinct types of myogenesis. The aim of this review is to summarize our knowledge on the cellular and molecular events as well as the epigenetic regulations involved in the construction of Xenopus muscles during development. Developmental Dynamics 226:12-23, 2003.

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“…Existing evidence suggests that a similar mechanism may operate during synaptogenesis in the embryo. For example, basal lamina can be detected at developing synapses on Xenopus myotomal muscle cells in vivo and in culture at about the same time that AChRs begin to accumulate at these sites, and shortly afterwards there is an increased appearance of clusters of synaptic vesicles (Kullberg et al, 1977;Chow and Cohen, 1983;Anderson et al, 1984). This development of basal lamina, like the localization of AChRs, is nerve induced (Anderson et al, 1984).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution of synaptic specializations along isolated motor units formed in Xenopus nerve-muscle cultures

Cohen¹,

Rodriguez-Marin²,

Wilson³

1987

J. Neurosci.

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The capacity of individual muscle cells and neurons to establish synaptic specializations along the entire extent of their neurite- muscle contacts was assessed in culture. Spinal cord neurons derived from embryos of Xenopus laevis were plated at low density in cultures of Xenopus myotomal muscle cells in order to obtain isolated motor units whose neuron and muscle cells were not contacted by any other neuron. These isolated motor units were examined for localization of acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) after staining with fluorescent alpha- bungarotoxin and, in some cases, for localization of a synaptic vesicle antigen by immunofluorescence. The neurite-muscle contacts formed by competent neurons exhibited discontinuous sites of AChR localization occupying about 25% of the contact length as compared with 2% for incompetent neurons. Competent neurons, unlike incompetent ones, established these neurite-associated receptor patches (NARPs) on virtually all the muscle cells they contacted and functionally innervated them. These and other observations on the distribution of NARPs throughout the isolated motor units indicate that the capacity of competent neurons to establish NARPs extends to the limits of growth of most if not all of their neurites, that this capacity is least in the most proximal portions of initial neuritic segments, and that the overall capacity of muscle cells to generate NARPs can be saturated by long lengths of neurite-muscle contact. The results also suggest that even in the absence of competitive interactions between neurons there are spatial discontinuities in neuritic action and/or muscle response during the establishment of NARPs. Synaptic vesicle antigen patches (SVAPs) occurred along the neuritic arbor of all neurons, but their distribution in competent neurons (those which established NARPs) and in incompetent ones differed. For competent neurons the percentage of neurite length occupied by SVAPs was 4.8-fold greater on muscle cells than off, whereas the corresponding value for incompetent neurons was only 1.5-fold. This large preferential localization of SVAPs along neurite-muscle contacts of competent neurons was further associated with a colocalization of SVAPs and NARPs that was greater than predicted by chance. These results suggest that muscle cells are much more effective in influencing the distribution of synaptic vesicles along the neuritic arbor of competent neurons than along the arbor of incompetent neurons and that this influence is greatest at sites of postsynaptic differentiation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

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Development of the myotomal neuromuscular junction in Xenopus laevis: An electrophysiological and fine-structural study

Cited by 247 publications

References 49 publications

Cholinergic Nerve Terminals in the Central Nervous System of Insects

Cholinergic Nerve Terminals in the Central Nervous System of Insects

Xenopusmuscle development: From primary to secondary myogenesis

Distribution of synaptic specializations along isolated motor units formed in Xenopus nerve-muscle cultures

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