Development of the limbs, body‐wall and back in man

Bardeen, Charles Russell; Lewis, W. Arthur

doi:10.1002/aja.1000010102

Cited by 166 publications

(64 citation statements)

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“…Firstly, Junghanns' basic concept that the cartilaginous anlage of the vertebral body consists of two lateral halves was not observed in our study ( Figure 8). Although Bardeen (1901Bardeen ( , 1905 described two chondrification centres of the vertebral body divided by the perichordal septum, no descriptions of it can be found in the later literature (Keyes & Compere 1932, Wyburn 1944, Sensenig 1949. Secondly, failure of formation is already present in the very early stage of chondrification in our embryo of 13 mm C-R length (6 weeks).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 42%

“…Thus, he concluded that the vertebral column had changed its scgmentation during the early development and he called it 'hew segmentation (Neue Gliederung)". Many papers on the development o f the vertebral column were produced thereafter (Bardeen & Lewis 1901, Bardeen 1905, Keyes & Compere 1932, Wyburn 1944, Sensenig 1949, and Peacock 1951. Sensenig (1949) carried out the last extensive study on which the current concepts of the vertebral development seem to be based.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 41%

“…Embryology of the human vertebral column has been described repeatedly (Bardeen & Lewis 1901, Bardeen 1905, Keyes & Compere 1932, Wyburn 1944, Sensenig 1949, and Peacock 1951. The study of Sensenig (1949) is the most extensive and best documented, and confirms the resegmentation theory which was proposed by Remak (1855) for the chick embryo.…”

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confidence: 42%

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Significance of Resegmentation in the Pathogenesis of Vertebral Body Malformation

Tanaka

Uhthoff

1981

Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 42%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 41%

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Significance of Resegmentation in the Pathogenesis of Vertebral Body Malformation

Tanaka

Uhthoff

1981

Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica

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“…Although the nerves of the human upper limb bud have been reported by several authors [6][7][8][9], a close de scription of the nerves of the upper limb bud in staged human embryos is meager. We reevaluated the innerva tion pattern in the upper limb bud of staged human embryos, with special reference to the time of first appearance, and the relationship in time to the develop ing components of the upper limb bud.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 45%

Development of the Innervation Pattern in the Upper Limb of Staged Human Embryos

Shinohara

Naora²,

Hashimoto³

et al. 1990

Cells Tissues Organs

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The upper limb nerves of 8 human embryos (Carnegie stages 13–21) were studied by reconstruction. In stage 13, upper limb nerves (C5-T1) extended from the spinal cord. In stage 14, these nerves united to for·m the nascent brachial plexus. In stages 16 and 17, the median nerve, the radial nerve and the ulnar nerve entered into the hand plate. In stages 20 and 21 the upper limb nerves were observed in an orientation and arrangement similar to those in the adult.

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“…5,6,10,26) There have been numerous reports of substantial individual and racial differences in the position of arterial branches and the nature of their ramifications as a result of various factors that have an influence on morphosis. 7,12,13,17,21,27,29,33,35,44) However, there are almost no reports of studies that have attempted to characterize and classify the ramification and positions of the entire array of branches arising from the subclavian artery.…”

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confidence: 47%

Study on the Subclavian Artery and its Branches in Japanese Adults

Takafuji

Sato

1991

Okajimas Folia Anatomica Japonica

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Summary: We examined the entire array of branches and the state of ramification of each branch of 144 subclavian arteries (Su) in 72 Japanese adults, and obtained the following findings.(1) The incidence of Type I -A(1) was 13.2%, the highest among the entire Su ramification. This was followed by Type I -B(1) at 9.0%, then Type I -A(2) at 6.9%, indicating considerable variation in the morphology of Su ramification. (2) Ontogenetic factors were implicated because of the existence of cases in which Su traversed the scalenus anterior muscle anteriorly (Type III : 0.7%), or was transfixed (0.7%). (3) Type 1-c was the form of thyrocervical trunk (Tic) observed with the highest incidence of 31.3%. In addition, inferior thyroid artery, and those in which another branch was included in this common trunk: 88.9%) be called Ttc.(4) The most common type of transverse cervical artery (Tc), which is formed from a common trunk consisting of highest incidence of 61.8%. Some of the superficial branches to the upper portion of the trapezius muscle that were independently from Su. We concluded that the sites at which Tc and Ss originate are the positions at which they traverse the brachial plexus (superior, transfixed to the plexus). (6) In cases in which the supreme intercostal artery (Is) and the deep cervical artery (Cp) were separate, (Types d-i excluding Type g: 31.9%), Is branched from a more proximal position than Cp.Formation of the human subclavian artery to an almost adult condition occurs in about 7 weeks of embryonic development.5, 6, 10, 26) There have been numerous reports of substantial individual and racial differences in the position of arterial branches and the nature of their ramifications as a result of various factors that have an influence on morphosis.7, 12, 13, 17, 21, 27, 29, 33, 35, 44) However, there are almost no reports of studies that have attempted to characterize and classify the ramification and positions of the entire array of branches arising from the subclavian artery. The only relevant reports in Japan were those by Adachi (28)1) and Ouchi ('63)3°), who described the subclavian artery ramification in Japanese adults, and that by Mori (P41)28), who described Japanese fetuses. However, these reports did not explain the entire subclavian artery ramification, nor determined the most common type of ramification or its incidence among the Japanese population.With recent increase in the use of CT, MRI and angiography, it has been pointed out that an accurate understanding of the morphology of the normal subclavian artery32) and detailed information about the ramification and course of arteries that branch from the subclavian artery12. 22) are essential prerequisites for accurate diagnosis by these techniques of pathogenic changes in the upper limbs. Furthermore, sternocleidomastoid muscle and trapezius muscle are frequently used as a musculocutaneous flap in reconstructive surgery, but despite the fact that the nutrient artery which supplies these muscles is a branch of the subclavian artery, reports ...

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Development of the limbs, body‐wall and back in man

Cited by 166 publications

References 0 publications

Significance of Resegmentation in the Pathogenesis of Vertebral Body Malformation

Significance of Resegmentation in the Pathogenesis of Vertebral Body Malformation

Development of the Innervation Pattern in the Upper Limb of Staged Human Embryos

Study on the Subclavian Artery and its Branches in Japanese Adults

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