Alzheimer’s
disease (AD) is characterized by progressive
neurodegeneration and impaired cognitive functions. Fascaplysin is
a β-carboline alkaloid isolated from marine sponge Fascaplysinopsis
bergquist in 1988. Previous studies have shown that fascaplysin
might act on acetylcholinesterase and β-amyloid (Aβ) to
produce anti-AD properties. In this study, a series of fascaplysin
derivatives were synthesized. The cholinesterase inhibition activities,
the neuronal protective effects, and the toxicities of these compounds
were evaluated in vitro. Compounds 2a and 2b, the two most powerful compounds in
vitro, were further selected to evaluate their cognitive-enhancing
effects in animals. Both 2a and 2b could
ameliorate cognitive dysfunction induced by scopolamine or Aβ
oligomers without affecting locomotor functions in mice. We also found
that 2a and 2b could prevent cholinergic
dysfunctions, decrease pro-inflammatory cytokine expression, and inhibit
Aβ-induced tau hyperphosphorylation in vivo. Most importantly, pharmacodynamics studies suggested that 2b could penetrate the blood–brain barrier and be retained
in the central nervous system. All these results suggested that fascaplysin
derivatives are potent multitarget agents against AD and might be
clinical useful for AD treatment.