Development of the coronary arteries in the embryonic human heart.

Abstract

It is not known why the coronary arteries almost always originate only from the right and left aortic sinuses of Valsalva, since the structure and conditions appear to be the same for all six sinuses of the embryonic great arteries. We sought a possible mechanical explanation for the phenomenon by studying the development of Materials and methodsThe serial histologic sections of 351 normal human embryos of Carnegie stages 9 through 23 in the Carnegie Embryological Collection at the University of California, Davis, were examined through the courtesy of Dr. Ronan O'Rahilly, Director of the Carnegie Embryological Laboratories. Most of the embryos in this collection have been catalogued. 17-22 Embryos were examined histologically and the presence or absence of a number of anatomic features, especially of the cardiovascular system, was recorded. To prepare three-dimensional reconstructions, the histologic sections of selected embryos were photomicrographed on Kodak Technical Pan 2415 film with use of a 35 mm camera mounted on a Leitz microscope with either a 1.0 X or 2.5 x objective lens. The number of photomicrographs for each embryo varied from every section to every fifth section in the sequence, depending on section thickness, size of the embryo, and rapidity of change in the anatomic relationships between CIRCULATION by guest on May 12, 2018 http://circ.ahajournals.org/ Downloaded from

The epicardium and epicardially derived cells (EPDCs) as cardiac stem cells

“…Interestingly, during early stages of cardiac development, blood islands are seen in the subepicardium (Hutchins et al, 1988;Viragh et al, 1990;Hirakow, 1992;Pérez-Pomares et al, 1997, 1998a, 1998b. The larger ones are typically found in the intersegmental junctions in which high numbers of EPDCs accumulate (see above) and where the largest coronary vessels eventually develop (Fig.…”

Origin and course of the coronary arteries in normal mice and in iv/iv mice

“…The establishment of the definitive coronary trunks is a tightly controlled event (Hutchins et al 1988 ;Waldo et al 1990) which occurs by interaction between the capillaries existing around the embryonic bulbus and the aortic root (Bogers et al 1989 ;Waldo et al 1990 ;Poelmann et al 1993). Our hypothesis is that, as appears to occur in other areas of the developing heart (Icardo & Sanchez de Vega, 1991 ;Icardo et al 1995), the signals which regulate specific morphogenetic events are overridden or lost in the iv\iv mice.…”

Surgical Treatment for Diffuse Coronary Artery Diseases

“…Whereas injection of growth factors require an adequate arterial inflow, which is not often existent in the hearts of these "no option patients". New catheter devices to create a fistula between a coronary artery and the accompanying vein or, as performed in animal experiments, a coronary vein and the left ventricle, are difficult to handle, and hold all the risks of catheterization of a severely altered vessel [33]. Before that, small numbers of reports of the clinical application had published, so no remarkable conclusions can be yet drawn [34][35][36][37].…”

“…These "nooption" patients frequently have diffuse coronary disease without a discrete target for angioplasty, stenting, or surgical bypass [33].In clinical application, we draw some experiences as follows. Blood flow of IMA is important to ensure perfusion of myocardium after bypass grafting which can be determined by preoperative vascular ultrasound examination and intraoperative testing.…”