Development of the 35‐km version of the Canadian regional forecast system

Mailhot, Jocelyn; Sarrazin, Réal; Bilodeau, Bernard; Brunet, N.; Pellerin, G.

doi:10.1080/07055900.1997.9649583

Cited by 32 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…The atmospheric forcing was produced by the Canadian operational regional finite element model prior to February 24, 1997 [Mailhot et al, 1997], and the Global Environmental Multiscale model thereafter [Côté et al, Figure 2. Domain-averaged forcing over the December 1, 1996, to March 31, 1998, simulation period.…”

Section: Experimental Settingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling the formation and circulation processes of water masses and sea ice in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, Canada

et al. 2003

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[1] The seasonal cycle of water masses and sea ice in the Gulf of St. Lawrence is examined using a three-dimensional coastal ice-ocean model with realistic tidal, atmospheric, hydrologic, and oceanic forcing. The model includes a level 2.5 turbulent kinetic energy equation. A model simulation over 1997-1998 is verified against available data on sea ice, temperature, and salinity. The results demonstrate a consistent seasonal cycle in atmosphere-ocean exchanges and the formation and circulation of water masses and sea ice. The accuracy of radiative, momentum, and sensible heat exchanges at the sea surface, and the production of turbulent kinetic energy from winds and tides, are critical to the accuracy of the modeled circulation. The analysis of the mean error on near-surface temperature and salinity in the late summer and fall using standard bulk exchange coefficients and radiation (about 1°C too cold and 1 salinity unit too fresh) shows the tradeoff between tidal mixing at the head of the Laurentian Channel, and winddriven circulation and mixing in the surface waters. The results suggest year-long stratification in the estuary and northwestern Gulf, with little mixing except near the head region, where relatively deep warmer waters are mixed to the surface during winter, and cold intermediate waters are efficiently withdrawn during summer. The results suggest that the summer cold waters found at intermediate depths in the estuary and northwestern Gulf are not formed in situ. A significant fraction of these waters enters through the Strait of Belle Isle in wintertime, eventually reaching the estuary within about 6 months.

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Section: Experimental Settingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling the formation and circulation processes of water masses and sea ice in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, Canada

et al. 2003

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“…After the period of the present study, fully continuous Eta cycling in the EDAS (including soil moisture with no nudging) began on June 3, 1998, along with extension from two to four soil layers. In GEM, soil moisture is specified using a pseudoanalysis which is inferred from 6-hour surface dew point temperature forecast errors which are correlated to adjustments to be made to the previous soil moisture analysis [Mailhot et al, 1997].…”

Section: Data Assimilationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of land‐surface energy budgets from regional and global models

Berbery¹,

Mitchell²,

Benjamin³

et al. 1999

J. Geophys. Res.

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The results show that the surface short wave radiation biases of the models are widespread and of the order of 25-50 W m -2 and averaging over larger areas does not help reduce the differences. These biases are compensated by the other long and short wave radiation terms so that the resulting errors in the net radiation are smaller. During August 1997, continental east-west gradients of latent heat flux and Bowen ratio were surprisingly dissimilar among models. Still, the Bowen ratio estimated from the Eta and GEM models was close to observations over the southern Great Plains region, while both the Reanalysis and MAPS had ratios that at least doubled the observed ones. In the case of MAPS a revised latent heat flux formulation was introduced in fall 1997, and, subsequently, for January 1998, estimates were closer to the other models' estimates. However, during January 1998 all models had difficulties reproducing the Bowen ratios from observations. Further, daily time series showed that models' estimates also tended to miss the amplitude of the day-to-day variability. It is conceivable that this may be the result of difficulties in parameterizing the total cloud cover, and, particularly, attenuation by clouds may still be insufficient.

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“…This is possible because the sensitivity to short-range forecast errors projects primarily on the large-scale atmospheric structures (Thépaut and Courtier, 1991;Tanguay et al, 1995), especially at the beginning of the minimization procedure (Laroche and Gauthier, 1998). Thus, when the incremental principle is applied to sensitivity analysis, the forecast errors are evaluated at high resolution with the operational GEM model, which includes realistic non-linear physical parametrizations (Mailhot et al, 1997), whereas the measure of the short-range forecast errors is approximated to allow the minimization to be performed at a lower resolution with simplified physics.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%