Development of Solid Rocket Propellant based on Isophorone Diisocyanate – Hydroxyl Terminated Natural Rubber Binder

Abstract

In this work, a novelty solid propellant based on Isophorone Diisocyanate (IPDI) with Hydroxyl Terminated Natural Rubber (HTNR) binder network was successfully developed. The preparation of Liquid Natural Rubber (LNR) by chemical degradation Deprotenized Natural Rubber (DPNR) using cobaltous was carried out. From the FTIR spectroscopy, a broad hydroxyl group peak at 3444cm-1 was obtained from HTNR. Rubber network depict a strong carbonyl group C=O at 1714cm-1 and amine group N-H at 3433cm-1. NMR analysis also proves that there was hydroxyl group presence in the sample where broad peak at range 1-3 ppm and 3.5 ppm peak for -HOCH2CH2CH2-. Four different mol ratio of HTNR with IPDI was carried out to find the best formulation with good properties as propellant. Flory-Rehner equation depict that only slightly increasing occur with higher IPDI mol ratio but mixing with Ammonium Perchlorate (AP) and Aluminium Powder (AL) significantly improve the crosslink density. Melting point for HTNR is near to room temperature and it increase abruptly after crosslink with IPDI up to range of 148-150 °C. For all formulation, cross section morphology showed occurrence of porosity and brittle type of failure however HTNR has good contact with AL and AP. 2 : 1 molar ratio depict the best burning rate but the combustion characteristic shows less energy and spark compared to HTPB binder.

Sustainable Series of New Epoxidized Vegetable Oil-Based Thermosets with Chemical Recycling Properties

“…Toluene was chosen as a good solvent for the swelling test, the swelling factor ( Q m ) being calculated according to eq . The materials’ cross-link density was determined using Flory–Rehner theory , according to eq where ν 1 is the molar volume of the solvent (for toluene ν 1 = 106.27 cm 3 ·mol –1 , calculated as the ratio between the molar mass and the density), is the Flory Huggins polymer–solvent interaction parameter that for toluene is ∼0.391, and ν 2,s is calculated using eq where ρ polymer and ρ solvent are the densities of the polymer and of the solvent, respectively. The swelling factor Q m is calculated using the following equation where w s and w d are the swelled mass and the swelled dry mass at the equilibrium, respectively.…”

“…where ν 1 is the molar volume of the solvent (for toluene ν 1 = 106.27 cm 3 •mol −1 , calculated as the ratio between the molar mass and the density), 1 is the Flory Huggins polymer−solvent interaction parameter that for toluene is ∼0.391, 28 and ν 2,s is calculated using eq 5…”

Functionalization of a liquid natural rubber by iron‐mediated radical chloro‐nitration and its thermal decomposition

“…By the photochemical method, the major chain of LNR was polyisoprene containing hydroxyl groups at termination and a little epoxy. 1,2 The LNR was applied for composite solid propellants [3][4][5][6] and polymer-bonded explosives as a binder of powder fillers (10-15%). 7 As an important advantage, the addition of the nitro groups (─NO 2 ) to chains of a polymer gives an energetic polymer.…”