Development of Self-Assembled, Tissue-Engineered Ligament from Bone Marrow Stromal Cells

Tissue Engineering of Ligaments

“…experience re-injury (Hairfield-Stein, England et al 2007). Alternatively, allografts can be used where the donor tendon is taken from a cadaver, but the disadvantages associated with this include donor scarcity, the risk of the recipient contracting a disease from the donor, or tissue rejection (Ahmed, Collins et al 2004; Vunjak-Novakovic, Altman et al 2004).…”

“…This involves using part of the patients own patellar tendon, hamstring or quadriceps to replace the ruptured ACL (Beasley, Weiland et al 2005). However, these techniques cause donor site morbidity (Goulet and Germain 1997;Van Eijk, Saris et al 2004;Cooper and Bailey 2006;Hairfield-Stein, England et al 2007) which is associated with pain and a recovery period for the donor tissue site Hairfield-Stein, England et al 2007). Generally 75-90% of patients have good or excellent long term success rates from these current grafting techniques (regarding functional stability and symptomatic relief upon return to normal activities) but unfortunately a substantial number of patients exist who have unsatisfactory results which could be attributed to graft failure (Vergis and Gillquist 1995).…”

Tissue Engineering for Tissue and Organ Regeneration

“…This involves using part of the patients own patellar tendon, hamstring or quadriceps to replace the ruptured ACL (Beasley, Weiland et al 2005). However, these techniques cause donor site morbidity (Goulet and Germain 1997;Van Eijk, Saris et al 2004;Cooper and Bailey 2006;Hairfield-Stein, England et al 2007) which is associated with pain and a recovery period for the donor tissue site Hairfield-Stein, England et al 2007). Generally 75-90% of patients have good or excellent long term success rates from these current grafting techniques (regarding functional stability and symptomatic relief upon return to normal activities) but unfortunately a substantial number of patients exist who have unsatisfactory results which could be attributed to graft failure (Vergis and Gillquist 1995).…”

“…Generally 75-90% of patients have good or excellent long term success rates from these current grafting techniques (regarding functional stability and symptomatic relief upon return to normal activities) but unfortunately a substantial number of patients exist who have unsatisfactory results which could be attributed to graft failure (Vergis and Gillquist 1995). Some of these patients continue to endure pain, suffer from loss of motion secondary to the operative procedure and continue with recurrent instability (Vergis and Gillquist 1995), while others suffer from degenerative joint disease such as arthritis or experience re-injury (Hairfield-Stein, England et al 2007). Alternatively, allografts can be used where the donor tendon is taken from a cadaver, but the disadvantages associated with this include donor scarcity, the risk of the recipient contracting a disease from the donor, or tissue rejection (Ahmed, Collins et al 2004;Vunjak-Novakovic, Altman et al 2004).…”

“…It is evident that surgical ACL reconstructions have limitations and do not always give completely satisfactory long-term results in a high proportion of patients, which consequently affects their quality of life (Vergis and Gillquist 1995;Lanza, Langer et al 2007). Because of this dilemma, regenerative medicine could be an option, where in vitro tissue engineering of ligaments can offer a solution to the problems associated with the current surgical methods (Van Eijk, Saris et al 2004;Hairfield-Stein, England et al 2007). …”