Development of pyroprocessing technology

Laidler, J.J.; Battles, J. E.; Miller, William E.; Ackerman, J.P.; Carls, E.L.

doi:10.1016/0149-1970(96)00007-8

Cited by 415 publications

(173 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Natural logarithms of these activity values were plotted against reciprocal temperatures for almost all two-phase fields, i.e.,: CdPr + Cd 2 Pr, Cd 2 Pr + Cd 3 Pr, Cd 3 Pr + Cd 45 Pr 11 , Cd 45 Pr 11 + Cd 58 Pr 13 , and Cd 58 Pr 13 + Cd 6 Pr (see Figure 5). According to an adapted Gibbs-Helmholtz equation [4], partial enthalpy values of mixing of Cd were directly calculated from the slopes: …”

Section: B Partial Enthalpy Of Mixing Of CD In Two-phase Fieldsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Natural logarithms of these activities were plotted as a function of reciprocal temperature in Figure 6. Applying the adapted Gibbs-Helmholtz equation [4], a linear regression was applied for data points of each selected composition in the entire homogeneity range of Cd 58 Pr 13 . It can be seen that there is some noticeable scatter, especially in the central part of the phase.…”

Section: Partial Enthalpy Of Mixing Of CD In Single-phase Fieldsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Thermochemical Investigations in the System Cadmium-Praseodymium Relevant for Pyrometallurgical Fuel Reprocessing

Reichmann

Ipser

2013

Metall Mater Trans A

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Vapor pressure measurements, in terms of a (non-)isothermal isopiestic method, were carried out in the system Cd-Pr between 749 K and 1067 K (476°C and 794°C). Thermodynamic activities of cadmium as a function of temperature were obtained directly for the composition ranging from 50.0 to 85.7 at. pct Cd. From these results, partial molar enthalpies of mixing of Cd were derived for the corresponding composition range. The activity values of Cd were converted to an average sample temperature of 823 K (550°C) by applying an integrated form of the Gibbs-Helmholtz equation. These data indicate that Cd 2 Pr and Cd 58 Pr 13 are probably the most stable intermetallic compounds in this system. Using an activity value of Pr from the literature as integration constant, Gibbs-Duhem integration was performed, and integral Gibbs energies are presented at 823 K (550°C), referred to Cd(l) and a-Pr(s). Gibbs energies of formation at the stoichiometric compositions of the phases Cd 6 Pr, Cd 58 Pr 13 , Cd 45 Pr 11 , Cd 3 Pr, and Cd 2 Pr were determined to be about À18.8, À23.5, À24.8, À28.7, and À33.8 kJ g-atom À1 at 823 K (550°C), respectively.

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Section: B Partial Enthalpy Of Mixing Of CD In Two-phase Fieldsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Partial Enthalpy Of Mixing Of CD In Single-phase Fieldsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermochemical Investigations in the System Cadmium-Praseodymium Relevant for Pyrometallurgical Fuel Reprocessing

Reichmann

Ipser

2013

Metall Mater Trans A

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“…[1][2][3] During pyroprocessing, amounts of waste salts (LiCl-KCl eutectic, NaCl-KCl eutectic or LiCl melts) containing chlorides of TRU and FPs (e.g., alkali, alkaline-earth, and rareearth FPs) are generated. 4,5) These fission products are highly radioactive.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbonate Reaction of Alkaline-Earth Element by Carbonate Agent Injection Method

CHO¹,

Yang²,

Eun³

et al. 2008

J. Nucl. Sci. Technol.

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The carbonate reaction of some alkaline-earth chlorides was investigated by a carbonate agent injection method in LiCl-KCl eutectic salts containing both SrCl 2 and BaCl 2 and LiCl molten salts containing SrCl 2 . The effects of the injected molar ratio of a carbonate agent (Li 2 CO 3 or K 2 CO 3 ) and the temperature (450-750 C) on the conversion efficiencies of the strontium and barium chloride to their carbonates were determined. The forms of strontium and barium carbonate resulting from the carbonate reaction with carbonate agents were identified by XRD and SEM-EDS analyses. In these experiments, the carbonate agent injection method can carbonate strontium and barium chlorides effectively at over 99% under LiCl-KCl eutectic and LiCl molten salt conditions. For LiCl-KCl eutectic molten salts, carbonation efficiency was more favorable in the case of K 2 CO 3 injection than in the case of Li 2 CO injection, where strontium and barium were carbonated in the form of Ba 0:5 Sr 0:5 CO 3 . For LiCl molten salts, strontium was carbonated in the form of SrCO 3 by Li 2 CO 3 injection.

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“…In Japan, pyrometallurgical processing technology for spent metallic fuel is studied in LiCl-KCl where U and Pu are recovered on a liquid Cd cathode, leaving the fission products in the salt [2]. Parallel developments in Argonne National Laboratory (US) and in Korea aim at an actinide-fission products separation by electrorefining onto first a solid cathode to recover the U and then onto a liquid Cd cathode for the transuranium elements recovery [3,4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Direct electrochemical reduction of solid uranium oxide in molten fluoride salts

Gibilaro¹,

Cassayre²,

Lemoine³

et al. 2011

Journal of Nuclear Materials

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International audienceThe direct electrochemical reduction of UO2 solid pellets was carried out in LiF-CaF2 (+ 2 mass. % Li2O) at 850°C. An inert gold anode was used instead of the usual reactive sacrificial carbon anode. In this case, oxidation of oxide ions present in the melt yields O2 gas evolution on the anode. Electrochemical characterisations of UO2 pellets were performed by linear sweep voltammetry at 10mV/s and reduction waves associated to oxide direct reduction were observed at a potential 150mV more positive in comparison to the solvent reduction. Subsequent, galvanostatic electrolyses runs were carried out and products were characterised by SEM-EDX, EPMA/WDS and XRD. In one of the runs, uranium oxide was partially reduced and three phases were observed: non reduced UO2 in the centre, pure metallic uranium on the external layer and an intermediate phase representing the initial stage of reduction taking place at the grain boundaries. In another run, the UO2 sample was fully reduced. Due to oxygen removal, the U matrix had a typical coral-like structure which is characteristic of the pattern observed after the electroreduction of solid oxides

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Development of pyroprocessing technology

Cited by 415 publications

References 2 publications

Thermochemical Investigations in the System Cadmium-Praseodymium Relevant for Pyrometallurgical Fuel Reprocessing

Thermochemical Investigations in the System Cadmium-Praseodymium Relevant for Pyrometallurgical Fuel Reprocessing

Carbonate Reaction of Alkaline-Earth Element by Carbonate Agent Injection Method

Direct electrochemical reduction of solid uranium oxide in molten fluoride salts

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