Development of objective indicators for quantitative analysis of sodium intake: the sodium to potassium ratio of second-void urine is correlated with 24-hour urinary sodium excretion

Kim, Jung Gon; Han, Sang Pil; Yi, Joo Hark; Park, Hyeong Cheon; Han, Sang Youb

doi:10.4162/nrp.2020.14.1.25

Cited by 2 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…To evaluate daily sodium intake, instead 24-h urine collection 29 , 30 , 24-h urinary sodium excretion was estimated from the sodium and creatinine of random urine samples according to the following equation 31 : 24-h urinary Na + excretion (mEq/day) = 21.98 U Na /U Cr [–2.04 Age + 14.89 Weight (kg) + 16.14 Height (cm) – 2244.45] 0.392 , where U Na and U Cr indicate sodium concentration (mEq/L) and creatinine concentration (mg/dl) in the spot urine, respectively. Since the correlation with 24-h urinary sodium excretion has been validated 32 , the ratio of sodium to creatinine (Na + /Cr) in random urine specimen was also calculated.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Parental educational status independently predicts the risk of prevalent hypertension in young adults

Suh

Song

Choi

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

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Identification of individuals at risk of hypertension development based on socio-economic status have been inconclusive, due to variable definitions of low socio-economic status. We investigated whether educational status of individuals or their parents predicts prevalent hypertension in young adult population, by analyzing data of more than 37,000 non-institutionalized subjects from Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2008 to 2017. Although low educational status of individual subjects was robustly associated with elevation of systolic blood pressure and increased prevalence of hypertension in general population, its impact on prevalent hypertension differed across age subgroups, and was remarkably attenuated in young adults. Parental educational status was significantly associated with prevalent hypertension in young adults, but not or only marginally in elderly population. Low parental educational status was also associated with high sodium intake in young adults, irrespective of subject’s own educational status. These collectively indicate that parental educational status, rather than individual’s own educational status, better and independently predicts prevalent hypertension in young adults, and that young adults with low parental educational status are prone to intake more sodium, possibly contributing to the increased risk of hypertension development. We expect that our findings could help define young individuals at risk of high sodium intake and hypertension.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Parental educational status independently predicts the risk of prevalent hypertension in young adults

Suh

Song

Choi

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

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“…A higher correlation of the Na/Cr ratio in spot urine and 24-h sodium excretion was observed (r=0.392, P<0.01) in a Korean study using a small number of 15 subjects ( 8 ). Furthermore, blood pressure and hypertension have been found to be associated with the Na/Cr ratio using a large population (n=9,674) in Korea ( 9 ). However, to the best of our knowledge, there are no reports available to date assessing the association between the Na/Cr ratio in spot urine and hospitalizations due to HF.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sodium to creatinine ratio in spot urine is associated with heart failure hospitalization in Japanese high‑risk patients

Sadanaga¹,

Hirota

2022

Exp Ther Med

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Our previous study [Evaluation of sodium intake for the prediction of cardiovascular events in Japanese high-risk patients (ESPRIT study)] reported that increased sodium excretion ≥4.0 g/day was associated with composite cardiovascular events in hospitalization for heart failure (HF), acute coronary syndrome, cerebrovascular events and documented cardiovascular-related mortality in Japanese high-risk patients with either stable and compensated HF, coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease, chronic kidney disease or atrial fibrillation. However, the method of estimating sodium excretion levels using spot urine is complex, requiring age, body weight, height and multiplier factors for calculation. The aim of the present study was to elucidate whether the sodium to creatinine ratio in spot urine, a key component in estimating daily sodium excretion, was associated with hospitalization for HF. The present study performed a post-hoc analysis of the ESPRIT study (n=520; 60 hospitalizations for HF). Receiver operating curve analysis yielded an optimal sodium to creatinine ratio cut-off value of 24.8 for detecting hospitalization for HF. Kaplan-Meier curve analysis revealed that a high sodium to creatinine ratio in spot urine was associated with an increased hospitalization for HF (P<0.001). Cox regression analysis revealed that a high sodium to creatinine ratio was associated with hospitalization for HF with a hazard ratio (HR) of 2.49 [95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.47-4.16]. Following adjustment for age, sex and body weight, the HR was as high as 2.74 (95% CI, 1.51-4.71). This association remained following further adjustment for brain natriuretic peptide, estimated glomerular filtration rate, diabetes mellitus or the use of diuretics. Overall, the present study demonstrated that the sodium to creatinine ratio in spot urine is associated with hospitalization for HF in Japanese high-risk patients.

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Development of objective indicators for quantitative analysis of sodium intake: the sodium to potassium ratio of second-void urine is correlated with 24-hour urinary sodium excretion

Cited by 2 publications

References 33 publications

Parental educational status independently predicts the risk of prevalent hypertension in young adults

Parental educational status independently predicts the risk of prevalent hypertension in young adults

Sodium to creatinine ratio in spot urine is associated with heart failure hospitalization in Japanese high‑risk patients

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