Development of Novel Biocomposite Scaffold of Chitosan-Gelatin/Nanohydroxyapatite for Potential Bone Tissue Engineering Applications

Abstract

In this study, a three-dimensional chitosan-gelatin/nanohydroxyapatite (ChG/nHaP) scaffold was successfully fabricated and characterized in terms of swelling, degradation, cell proliferation, cell attachment, and mineralization characterizations. The ChG/nHaP scaffold was fabricated with a mean pore size of 100–180 μm. Our results showed that the physicochemical and biological properties of the scaffolds were affected by the presence of HaP. The swelling and degradation characteristics of the ChG scaffold were remarkably decreased by the addition of HaP. On the other hand, the presence of HaP remarkably improved the MC3T3-E1 cell attachment and cell growth in the scaffold membrane. The biocompatible nature of the ChG/nHaP scaffold leads to the development of finely scaled mineral deposits on the scaffold membrane. Thus, HaP played an important role in improving the biological performance of the scaffold. Therefore, the ChG/nHaP scaffold could be applied as a suitable material for bone tissue engineering applications.

In vitro interaction of human Wharton's jelly mesenchymal stem cells with biomimetic 3D scaffold

“…Chitosan is a cationic polysaccharide capable of interacting with the surface anions and connecting the cell to the surface . Several studies have shown that Cs effective being in cell adhesion, its effect is, however, weaker than gel . Nano‐Hydroxyapatite is a bioceramic compound that comprises the natural mineral component of the bone.…”

“…Nano‐Hydroxyapatite is a bioceramic compound that comprises the natural mineral component of the bone. Its presence in scaffold, not only produces chemical stimuli which remarkably enhance the physical attachments of cells, but also creates surface roughness for further stimulation cell‐surface adhesion . It is interesting to note that the shape of the nHA, whether spherical or slender, has significant impact on proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of stem cells …”

“…A wide variety of materials including synthetic and natural polymers and bioceramics, either alone or in combination, has been utilized in scaffold fabrications . Biocomposite scaffolds made out of natural polymers and nano‐hydroxyapatite (nHA) seem to be an appropriate candidate for bone regenerative applications, presumably due to the richness in both mineral and organic constituents . However, clinical investigations on scaffolds per se have not revealed much success, partially due to lack of osteogenic cells, attenuating normal dynamic regeneration process .…”

“…6 Biocomposite scaffolds made out of natural polymers and nano-hydroxyapatite (nHA) seem to be an appropriate candidate for bone regenerative applications, presumably due to the richness in both mineral and organic constituents. 7,8 However, clinical investigations on scaffolds per se have not revealed much success, partially due to lack of osteogenic cells, attenuating normal dynamic regeneration process. 4,9 Researchers have solved the drawback by adding a living system to the scaffolds equipping them with more adaptability to the wound bed, participative in tissue homeostasis in a natural manner and providing them with osteogenic potential to promote bone formation.…”

Bone tissue engineering: Adult stem cells in combination with electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds

“…Thus, HA played an important role in improving the biological performance of the scaffold. Therefore, the ChG/nHA scaffold could be applied as a good candidate material for bone tissue engineering in regenerative medicine applications (Dan et al, ).…”