Development of night time temperature rhythms over the first six months of life.

Lodemore, M; Petersen, S A; Wailoo, M P

doi:10.1136/adc.66.4.521

Cited by 55 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 5 publications

(1 reference statement)

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“…This was reflected in a higher peripheral skin temperature through which the extra heat could be lost from the body. Several studies have shown a reduction in core temperature in 3-to 4-month-old infants during sleep as part of the development of circadian sleep cycles ( 18,19).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Relationship between Environmental Temperature, Metabolic Rate, Sleep State, and Evaporative Water Loss in Infants from Birth to Three Months

et al. 1992

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ABSTRACX. We have investigated the effect of changing environmental temperature on metabolic rate, sleep state, and water loss in a longitudinal study of 22 lightly clothed babies from 2 d to 3 mo of age. Studies were performed in a modified barometric plethysmograph while recording sleep state, oxygen consumption, and skin and axillary temperatures. Oxygen consumption was higher in rapid eye movement sleep than in quiet sleep at all ages and varied widely between infants at each temperature. Within the first week, there was a 19% rise in oxygen consumption on cooling to 19-22OC during rapid eye movement sleep and a 6% rise during quiet sleep. The medim duration of quiet sleep periods was reduced from 17 to 12 min on cooling within the first week. No such change was seen at 1, 2, and 3 mo. Axillary temperature was reduced at 3 mo during cooling. This may be a part of normal patterns of change in temperature during sleep, unrelated to cooling. At each age, total evaporative water loss fell linearly with falling environmental temperature both within and below the temperature range at which metabolic rate was minimal. The evaporative water losses were greater than expected and suggested that sweating was occurring, both at temperatures at which metabolic rate was minimal and at those at which it was increased. The metabolic response to cooling and the process of sweating appear to be in dynamic equilibrium across this temperature range. Thus, it was not possible to define a temperature range over which both metabolic rate and evaporative water loss were at minimum values. REM, rapid eye movement sleepThe relationship between environmental temperature and V02 has been previously studied in term infants (1-3). The lower end of the thermoneutral range has been defined and is lower at 3 wk of age than at 1 d, in both naked and cot-nursed babies, and might be assumed to fall further with increasing age (4). The effect of sleep state on metabolic rate has been studied both in adults (5) and in babies within the first week at thermoneutral and cooler temperatures (6-8). In all these studies, metabolic rate was higher in REM. However, little information is available on the relationship between sleep state and environmental temperature, or on thermoneutrality, at older ages in infancy.We have investigated the effect of mild cold stress on metabolism and water loss (both respiratory and transcutaneous) during both REM and QS in infants from the first week to 3 mo of age. MATERIALS AND METHODSTwenty-two normal, healthy infants, free from known adverse risk factors were selected. All the infants were born at term (gestational age from 37.5 to 42 wk) to healthy mothers and had a median birth weight of 3.44 kg (range 3.1-4.74 kg). None experienced significant perinatal problems or had any major illnesses during the first 3 mo. Each infant was studied once during the first week (median age 49 h, range 16-143 h) and on one to three further occasions, at 1, 2, and 3 mo. Polygraphic recordings of sleep state and respiration were pe...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Relationship between Environmental Temperature, Metabolic Rate, Sleep State, and Evaporative Water Loss in Infants from Birth to Three Months

et al. 1992

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“…We have shown1 2 that babies develop an adult-like night time body temperature pattern (body temperature falling to about 36.2°C) over the course of a few days at somewhere between 2 and 5 months of age. The age of onset of this adult-like pattern is very variable, ranging in normal infants from 7 to about 16 weeks.…”

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confidence: 93%

Relations between the development of patterns of sleeping heart rate and body temperature in infants

Petersen

Pratt

Wailoo

2001

Archives of Disease in Childhood - Fetal and Neonatal Edition

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Overnight patterns of rectal temperature and heart rate were recorded from 119 normal infants at weekly intervals from 7 to about 16 weeks of age. All data were collected in the infants' own homes. As previously reported, diVerent infants developed an adult-like night time rectal temperature pattern abruptly at diVerent ages. When heart rate data were collated by age, there was an apparently gradual fall in sleeping heart rate from 7 to about 14 weeks of age. This was, however, an artefact of data collation. Individual infants showed abrupt falls in heart rate at the time that the adult-like body temperature pattern appeared, but this occurred at diVerent ages in diVerent babies, so when data were collated cross sectionally, an apparently gradual fall resulted. The relation between the developmental changes in sleeping heart rate and rectal temperature was diVerent in boys and girls, with girls showing a more abrupt and greater change in heart rate at the time of development of the adult-like body temperature pattern. Infants whose parents smoked had significantly lower heart rates once the adult-like body temperature pattern had appeared. (Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2001;85:F133-F136) Keywords: heart rate; sleeping; body temperature There are pronounced changes in patterns of sleeping body temperature over the first months of life. We have shown 1 2 that babies develop an adult-like night time body temperature pattern (body temperature falling to about 36.2°C) over the course of a few days at somewhere between 2 and 5 months of age. The age of onset of this adult-like pattern is very variable, ranging in normal infants from 7 to about 16 weeks. It occurs even later in some groups, particularly infants with low Apgar scores at birth. 3 The abruptness of the change is only shown by detailed longitudinal studies of individual infants. If cross sectional data are collated by age, sleeping body temperature appears to fall gradually with age, as an increasing fraction of the babies sampled acquire the adult-like pattern.Previous studies of heart rate patterns in infants that have passed the newborn stage 4 5 appear to show a similar progressive fall in sleeping heart rate with age. This gradual decline may also be an artefact of the cross sectional analysis of the data. In this paper therefore we describe detailed longitudinal measurements of sleeping body temperature and heart rate of infants, in order to establish how the two are related. We report that heart rate changes in a similarly abrupt way to body temperature and at the same time, but in a diVerent way, in the two sexes. Furthermore sleeping heart rate in infants is aVected by home circumstances, such as parental smoking. MethodsA total of 119 babies were studied over three years during 1990-1993. Subjects were recruited soon after birth from babies born in the Leicestershire maternity hospitals. A trained health visitor approached parents, and explained the purpose of the study to them. Over this and a range of other studies, about 40% of ...

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“…41 A circadian rhythm of core body temperature (CBT) is established in the 1st year of life, showing a peak during the day and a drop to a trough at night between 1 and 6 hours after sleep onset. [42][43][44][45] This rhythm has a greater amplitude in children (between 7 months and 7 years old) than in adults. 42 Later timing of the CBT rhythm has been associated with eveningness in adolescents and adults, 46,47 and the rhythm has been reported to shift to an earlier phase across adulthood.…”

Section: Factors Modulating Developmental Changes In the Sleep-wake Cmentioning

confidence: 99%

Variations in the sleep–wake cycle from childhood to adulthood: chronobiological perspectives

Carpenter¹,

Robillard²,

Hickie³

2015

CPT

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Changes in the sleep-wake cycle across development from childhood to adulthood, typically involve a steady shortening of the sleep period and a delay of sleep phase, with a period of more rapid change across adolescence. Accompanying these changes is the maturation of neuroendocrine rhythms such as melatonin, cortisol, and pubertal hormones. These endogenous rhythms are closely associated with behavioral changes in rest and activity rhythms, although environmental factors such as light exposure and academic and social demands likely play an interactive role. Other behavioral aspects, such as physical activity and eating behaviors, are also associated with changes in sleep-wake rhythms, and may be mediational factors in the development of physical illnesses. The sleep-wake cycle and related factors are implicated in the development of mental illnesses. There are several potential avenues of future research that may be valuable in terms of improving interventions and treatments for both mental and physical illnesses.

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Development of night time temperature rhythms over the first six months of life.

Cited by 55 publications

References 5 publications

The Relationship between Environmental Temperature, Metabolic Rate, Sleep State, and Evaporative Water Loss in Infants from Birth to Three Months

The Relationship between Environmental Temperature, Metabolic Rate, Sleep State, and Evaporative Water Loss in Infants from Birth to Three Months

Relations between the development of patterns of sleeping heart rate and body temperature in infants

Variations in the sleep–wake cycle from childhood to adulthood: chronobiological perspectives

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Development of night time temperature rhythms over the first six months of life.

Cited by 55 publications

References 5 publications

The Relationship between Environmental Temperature, Metabolic Rate, Sleep State, and Evaporative Water Loss in Infants from Birth to Three Months

The Relationship between Environmental Temperature, Metabolic Rate, Sleep State, and Evaporative Water Loss in Infants from Birth to Three Months

Relations between the development of patterns of sleeping heart rate and body temperature in infants

Variations in the sleep&ndash;wake cycle from childhood to adulthood: chronobiological perspectives

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Variations in the sleep–wake cycle from childhood to adulthood: chronobiological perspectives