Summary. The nasal organs of Sphenodon and lizards are considerably modified by the mode of life, which in turn influences the form of the nasal capsule. The anterior chamber functions as a filter in preventing foreign bodies from entering the respiratory tract. It is well marked in terrestrial forms that are specialized for a deserticolous existence, but it is very reduced in arboreal forms. The lateral nasal gland passes its mucoid secretion into the anterior chamber, and serves to bind to the epithelium any small particles that have been inhaled. It is well developed in deserticolous and fossorial forms, but reduced in arboreal and semi‐aquatic lizards. The olfactory chamber is well developed in terrestrial forms, but reduced in arboreal ones. Conchal formation is dependent upon orbital expansion. Jacobson's organ is a specialization of ground‐living lizards, and is reduced in arboreal forms. Stimulating particles are deposited by the tongue onto the choanal fold. They are carried by means of ciliary currents into, and along a continuous stream of lachrymal fluid passing to the organ. Some lizards by the development of deeply forked tongues deposit the particles directly into the organ. The definitive nasal capsule is formed by the fusion of two distinct morphological elements. There is a medial rostral process which belongs to the cranium, and consists of the nasal septum, dorsal plate, and sphenoethmoidal commissure. The lateral capsular element, which is a true sensory capsule, is divisible into parietotectal, paranasal, paraseptal, and ectochoanal cartilages. The rostral elements arise earlier in the embryo than do the capsular elements, and are distinguished in the adult by the relations of the profundus nerve, which lies ventral to the rostral element and dorsal to the capsular element. The line of union is taken from the points of entry and exit of this nerve, and the position of certain fenestrae. The fenestrae are due in the first place to weak development of the dorsal plate, and secondarily follow weak capsular development. In the case of fenestrae superior it follows weak parietotectal cartilage development, while fenestrae lateralis appears where there is marked conchal formation. The dorsal plate forms most of the roof of the capsule, and with the spheno‐ethmoidal commissure encloses the cranial olfactory foramen. The parietotectal cartilage is related to the fenestra narina and encapsulates the anterior chamber, on which it is dependent for its form. The paranasal cartilage encapsulates the olfactory chamber and gives rise to the lamina transversalis anterior, concha, planum antorbitale, and posterior maxillary process. The ectochoanal cartilage has become secondarily associated in lizards with the functioning of Jacobson's organ.
Spontaneous glossodynia is uncommon and glossodynia progressing to necrosis is especially rare. Although the commonest cause of lingual necrosis is giant cell arteritis, only a few cases of a new diagnosis of giant cell arteritis, clinically presenting with isolated lingual necrosis, have been reported.
Overnight patterns of rectal temperature and heart rate were recorded from 119 normal infants at weekly intervals from 7 to about 16 weeks of age. All data were collected in the infants' own homes. As previously reported, diVerent infants developed an adult-like night time rectal temperature pattern abruptly at diVerent ages. When heart rate data were collated by age, there was an apparently gradual fall in sleeping heart rate from 7 to about 14 weeks of age. This was, however, an artefact of data collation. Individual infants showed abrupt falls in heart rate at the time that the adult-like body temperature pattern appeared, but this occurred at diVerent ages in diVerent babies, so when data were collated cross sectionally, an apparently gradual fall resulted. The relation between the developmental changes in sleeping heart rate and rectal temperature was diVerent in boys and girls, with girls showing a more abrupt and greater change in heart rate at the time of development of the adult-like body temperature pattern. Infants whose parents smoked had significantly lower heart rates once the adult-like body temperature pattern had appeared. (Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2001;85:F133-F136) Keywords: heart rate; sleeping; body temperature There are pronounced changes in patterns of sleeping body temperature over the first months of life. We have shown 1 2 that babies develop an adult-like night time body temperature pattern (body temperature falling to about 36.2°C) over the course of a few days at somewhere between 2 and 5 months of age. The age of onset of this adult-like pattern is very variable, ranging in normal infants from 7 to about 16 weeks. It occurs even later in some groups, particularly infants with low Apgar scores at birth. 3 The abruptness of the change is only shown by detailed longitudinal studies of individual infants. If cross sectional data are collated by age, sleeping body temperature appears to fall gradually with age, as an increasing fraction of the babies sampled acquire the adult-like pattern.Previous studies of heart rate patterns in infants that have passed the newborn stage 4 5 appear to show a similar progressive fall in sleeping heart rate with age. This gradual decline may also be an artefact of the cross sectional analysis of the data. In this paper therefore we describe detailed longitudinal measurements of sleeping body temperature and heart rate of infants, in order to establish how the two are related. We report that heart rate changes in a similarly abrupt way to body temperature and at the same time, but in a diVerent way, in the two sexes. Furthermore sleeping heart rate in infants is aVected by home circumstances, such as parental smoking. MethodsA total of 119 babies were studied over three years during 1990-1993. Subjects were recruited soon after birth from babies born in the Leicestershire maternity hospitals. A trained health visitor approached parents, and explained the purpose of the study to them. Over this and a range of other studies, about 40% of ...
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