Development of methods to study the survival of airborne viruses

Ijaz, M. Khalid; Karim, Yeasir; Sattar, Syed A.; Johnson-Lussenburg, C M

doi:10.1016/0166-0934(87)90114-5

Cited by 65 publications

(70 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…To calculate the biological decay of aerosolized infectious virus, it was necessary to adjust for the physical loss of infectious virus due to sedimentation, i.e., biological decay = total decay -physical loss. Using the concentration of Rhodamine B as a measure of physical loss [14,22,37,39], the adjusted PRRSV infectious titers for each sample were estimated as shown in Equation (1), where subscripts represent time zero (0) or time "t".…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The T 1/2 of infectious viruses in aerosols is affected by environmental factors, especially relative humidity and temperature [9,14,22,33,38]. In general, airborne viruses are more stable at lower temperatures, but viruses are not uniformly affected by environmental factors.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Rhodamine B was used to quantify the physical loss of the aerosolized cloud containing PRRSV in the DAT through sedimentation over time [14,22,37,39]. Impinger samples were transferred into cuvettes (Fisher Scientific, 14-385-942) and quantified using a fluorometer (9200-000, Turner BioSystems Inc., Sunnyvale, CA, USA) equipped with a green optical kit (9200-042, Turner BioSystems Inc.).…”

Section: Tracer Quantificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of temperature and relative humidity on the stability of infectious porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in aerosols

et al. 2007

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-The objective of this experiment was to describe the stability of airborne infectious porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) as a function of temperature and relative humidity. A cloud of infectious PRRSV was aerosolized using 24-jet Collison nebulizer into a dynamic aerosol toroid (DAT) maintained at a specific temperature and relative humidity. The PRRSV cloud within the DAT was sampled repeatedly over time using SKC BioSampler impingers and the total viral RNA (RT-PCR) and concentration of infectious PRRSV (TCID 50 ) in the air samples was determined. As measured by quantitative RT-PCR, PRRSV RNA was stable under the conditions evaluated in this study. Thus, a comparison of viral RNA and Rhodamine B dye, a physical tracer, found no significant difference in the slopes of the lines. Titers of infectious virus were plotted by time and the half-life (T 1/2) of infectious PRRSV was calculated using linear regression analysis. An analysis of the results showed that aerosolized PRRSV was more stable at lower temperatures and/or lower relative humidity, but temperature had a greater effect on the T 1/2 of PRRSV than relative humidity. Based on these results, an equation was derived to predict the T 1/2 of infectious airborne PRRSV for any combination of environmental temperature and relative humidity.aerosol / virus stability / PRRSV / relative humidity / temperature

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Tracer Quantificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of temperature and relative humidity on the stability of infectious porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in aerosols

et al. 2007

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“…Another consequence of rotavirus replication and release in the respiratory tract is the possibility of transmission. Transmission of rotavirus by the respiratory route has been suspected based on epidemiologic analyses of rapid rotavirus spread similar to that of respiratory viruses (17), rotavirus RNA detection in air samples from a hospital ward with rotavirus-infected children (15), survival studies using aerosolized bovine and murine rotaviruses (24,25), and the abilities to prevent rotavirus spread in mice by the use of microfiltration cages (27) and to infect mice with rotavirus by smallparticle aerosolization (44). These potential consequences of rotavirus replication in the respiratory tract indicate a diagnostic gap in rotavirus disease identification and management, and further studies are required to determine if rotavirus causes clinically significant respiratory disease in children.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rotavirus Viremia and Extraintestinal Viral Infection in the Neonatal Rat Model

Crawford¹,

Patel

Cheng³

et al. 2006

J Virol

134

133

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Rotaviruses infect mature, differentiated enterocytes of the small intestine and, by an unknown mechanism, escape the gastrointestinal tract and cause viremia. The neonatal rat model of rotavirus infection was used to determine the kinetics of viremia, spread, and pathology of rotavirus in extraintestinal organs. Five-day-old rat pups were inoculated intragastrically with an animal (RRV) or human (HAL1166) rotavirus or phosphatebuffered saline. Blood was collected from a subset of rat pups, and following perfusion to remove residual blood, organs were removed and homogenized to analyze rotavirus-specific antigen by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and infectious rotavirus by fluorescent focus assay or fixed in formalin for histology and immunohistochemistry. Viremia was detected following rotavirus infection with RRV and HAL1166. The RRV 50% antigenemia dose was 1.8 ؋ 10 3 PFU, and the 50% diarrhea dose was 7.7 ؋ 10 5 PFU, indicating that infection and viremia occurred in the absence of diarrhea and that detecting rotavirus antigen in the blood was a more sensitive measure of infection than diarrhea. Rotavirus antigens and infectious virus were detected in multiple organs (stomach, intestines, liver, lungs, spleen, kidneys, pancreas, thymus, and bladder). Histopathological changes due to rotavirus infection included acute inflammation of the portal tract and bile duct, microsteatosis, necrosis, and inflammatory cell infiltrates in the parenchymas of the liver and lungs. Colocalization of structural and nonstructural proteins with histopathology in the liver and lungs indicated that the histological changes observed were due to rotavirus infection and replication. Replicating rotavirus was also detected in macrophages in the lungs and blood vessels, indicating a possible mechanism of rotavirus dissemination. Extraintestinal infectious rotavirus, but not diarrhea, was observed in the presence of passively or actively acquired rotavirus-specific antibody. These findings alter the previously accepted concept of rotavirus pathogenesis to include not only gastroenteritis but also viremia, and they indicate that rotavirus could cause a broad array of systemic diseases in a number of different organs.Rotaviruses, responsible for most cases of gastroenteritis in children under the age of five worldwide, have been thought to cause mucosal infections restricted to the mature, differentiated enterocytes of the small intestine. However, an increasing number of reports indicate that rotavirus escapes the gastrointestinal tract. Rotavirus antigen and RNA were detected in serum samples from approximately 65% of children with rotavirus diarrhea, indicating that antigenemia and possibly viremia occur during rotavirus infection (4, 7, 16). In other reports, rotavirus antigen and/or RNA was detected in the central nervous systems, spleens, hearts, kidneys, testes, and bladders of children who died during rotavirus infections (23, 29-32, 35, 42); in liver biopsies from infants with cholestatic disease (47); and in respiratory secre...

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“…The droplet nuclei remain airborne for long periods of time with potential risk for retention in the respiratory tract (Ijaz et al 1987). When a virus is encased in a droplet, its infectivity is enhanced because of shielding from drying, temperature, and sunlight (Tyrrell 1967).…”

Section: Aerosol Test System (I) Aerosol Generation Unitmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inactivation of Virus-Containing Aerosols by Ultraviolet Germicidal Irradiation

Tseng

2005

Aerosol Science and Technology

144

138

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The increasing incidence of infectious diseases has prompted the application of Ultraviolet Germicidal Irradiation (UVGI) for the inactivation of viruses. This study evaluates UVGI effectiveness for airborne viruses in a laboratory test chamber by determining the effect of UV dosage, different nucleic acid type of virus (single-stranded RNA, ssRNA; single-stranded DNA, ssDNA; double-stranded RNA, dsRNA; and double-stranded DNA, ds-DNA), and relative humidity on virus survival fraction after UVGI exposure.For airborne viruses, the UVGI dose for 90% inactivation was 339-423 µW sec/cm 2 for ssRNA, 444-494 µW sec/cm 2 for ssDNA, 662-863 µW sec/cm 2 for dsRNA, and 910-1196 µW sec/cm 2 for ds-DNA. For all four tested, the UVGI dose for 99% inactivation was 2 times higher than that for 90% inactivation. Airborne viruses with single-stranded nucleic acid (ssRNA and ssDNA) were more susceptible to UV inactivation than were those with double-stranded ones (dsRNA and dsDNA). For all tested viruses at the same inactivation, the UVGI dose at 85% RH was higher than that at 55% RH, possibly because water sorption onto a virus surface provides protection against UV-induced DNA or RNA damage at higher RH. In summary, UVGI was an effective method for inactivation of airborne virus.

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Development of methods to study the survival of airborne viruses

Cited by 65 publications

References 28 publications

Effect of temperature and relative humidity on the stability of infectious porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in aerosols

Effect of temperature and relative humidity on the stability of infectious porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in aerosols

Rotavirus Viremia and Extraintestinal Viral Infection in the Neonatal Rat Model

Inactivation of Virus-Containing Aerosols by Ultraviolet Germicidal Irradiation

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