Inactivation of Virus-Containing Aerosols by Ultraviolet Germicidal Irradiation

Tseng, Chun-Chieh; Li, Chih-Shan

doi:10.1080/02786820500428575

Cited by 139 publications

(149 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…A drawback of the PCR technique is that the genetic material might also be degraded when exposed to environmental and sampling stresses (38,39). For instance, the viral genetic material degrades at high temperature (8,26) and under UV radiation (35).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Temperature, Relative Humidity, Absolute Humidity, and Evaporation Potential on Survival of Airborne Gumboro Vaccine Virus

Zhao

Aarnink

Dijkman

et al. 2012

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Survival of airborne virus influences the extent of disease transmission via air. How environmental factors affect viral survival is not fully understood. We investigated the survival of a vaccine strain of Gumboro virus which was aerosolized at three temperatures (10°C, 20°C, and 30°C) and two relative humidities (RHs) (40% and 70%). The response of viral survival to four metrics (temperature, RH, absolute humidity [AH], and evaporation potential [EP]) was examined. The results show a biphasic viral survival at 10°C and 20°C, i.e., a rapid initial inactivation in a short period (2.3 min) during and after aerosolization, followed by a slow secondary inactivation during a 20-min period after aerosolization. The initial decays of aerosolized virus at 10°C (1.68 to 3.03 ln % min ؊1 ) and 20°C (3.05 to 3.62 ln % min ؊1 ) were significantly lower than those at 30°C (5.67 to 5.96 ln % min ؊1 ). The secondary decays at 10°C (0.03 to 0.09 ln % min ؊1 ) tended to be higher than those at 20°C (؊0.01 to 0.01 ln % min ؊1 ). The initial viral survival responded to temperature and RH and potentially to EP; the secondary viral survival responded to temperature and potentially to RH. In both phases, survival of the virus was not significantly affected by AH. These findings suggest that longdistance transmission of airborne virus is more likely to occur at 20°C than at 10°C or 30°C and that current Gumboro vaccination by wet aerosolization in poultry industry is not very effective due to the fast initial decay.

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confidence: 99%

Effects of Temperature, Relative Humidity, Absolute Humidity, and Evaporation Potential on Survival of Airborne Gumboro Vaccine Virus

Zhao

Aarnink

Dijkman

et al. 2012

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…Neither of the aerosol studies characterized the actual delivered dose, altered the dose of UVC to determine the susceptibility of a poxvirus aerosol to inactivation, or determined the effect of relative humidity (RH) on the survival of irradiated poxvirus aerosols. However, the survival of an aerosolized pathogen in the presence of UVC has been shown to be dependent on the RH (7,12,14,19,20) and the medium used for aerosol suspension (14).…”

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confidence: 99%

Characterization of UVC Light Sensitivity of Vaccinia Virus

McDevitt

Lai

Rudnick

et al. 2007

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Interest in airborne smallpox transmission has been renewed because of concerns regarding the potential use of smallpox virus as a biothreat agent. Air disinfection via upper-room 254-nm germicidal UV (UVC) light in public buildings may reduce the impact of primary agent releases, prevent secondary airborne transmission, and be effective prior to the time when public health authorities are aware of a smallpox outbreak. We characterized the susceptibility of vaccinia virus aerosols, as a surrogate for smallpox, to UVC light by using a benchtop, one-pass aerosol chamber. We evaluated virus susceptibility to UVC doses ranging from 0.1 to 3.2 J/m 2 , three relative humidity (RH) levels (20%, 60%, and 80%), and suspensions of virus in either water or synthetic respiratory fluid. Dose-response plots show that vaccinia virus susceptibility increased with decreasing RH. These plots also show a significant nonlinear component and a poor fit when using a first-order decay model but show a reasonable fit when we assume that virus susceptibility follows a log-normal distribution. The overall effects of RH (P < 0.0001) and the suspending medium (P ‫؍‬ 0.014) were statistically significant. When controlling for the suspending medium, the RH remained a significant factor (P < 0.0001) and the effect of the suspending medium was significant overall (P < 0.0001) after controlling for RH. Virus susceptibility did not appear to be a function of virus particle size. This work provides an essential scientific basis for the design of effective upper-room UVC installations for the prevention of airborne infection transmission of smallpox virus by characterizing the susceptibility of an important orthopoxvirus to UVC exposure.

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“…Bacteriophage MS2 was used as the challenge aerosol because of its small particle size -l28 nm in physical diameter [45,46] -ease of preparation, low pathogenicity, and history of utilization as a simulant of pathogenic viruses [47,48]. Methods to prepare the MS2 bacteriophage for aerosolization have been described elsewhere [18,20].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differentiating Between Physical and Viable Penetrations When Challenging Respirator Filters with Bioaerosols

Eninger

Adhikari

Reponen

et al. 2008

CLEAN Soil Air Water

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The feasibility of a novel testing protocol that allows differentiating between the physical (total) and viable bioaerosol penetrations through respirator filters was investigated. Three respirator models -two conventional N95 filtering-facepiece respirators (FFR) used as controls and one P95 iodinated polymer FFR with antimicrobial properties -were challenged with aerosolized MS2 bacteriophage virus. Physical (P physical ) and viable (P viable ) filter penetrations were simultaneously measured with the FFR sealed on a manikin at a constant inhalation flow rate of 85 L/min. Separate testing was performed on specially-manufactured P95 filter swatches with (i) no iodinated resin additive and (ii) "high" amount of the additive to determine whether it influenced filtration behavior of the P95 respirator. Bioaerosol collection on the N95 FFR filters fell in the range consistent with previous studies featuring about 2% penetration for MS2 and a peak around l5%. The P95 iodinated polymer respirator was found to be highly efficient, attributed in part to the iodinated resin powder which in separate swatch tests was found to increase the filter collection efficiency. No statistically significant differences were observed between penetration values obtained for total and culturable viruses for the two control respirators. Similarly, no difference was observed for the iodinated respirator, which suggested that the microbial inactivation effect was of insufficient magnitude to be detected or was not present for viral particles that penetrated the filter. Possible "long-term" inactivation effect of the iodine-based additive on the viable viruses, which were captured on the filter over time, was beyond the scope of this study. The novel testing protocol appears to be an adequate tool for evaluating respirators designed to protect against bioaerosol particles. Further improvement may be considered with respect to the aerosolization method for viable microorganisms.

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Inactivation of Virus-Containing Aerosols by Ultraviolet Germicidal Irradiation

Cited by 139 publications

References 31 publications

Effects of Temperature, Relative Humidity, Absolute Humidity, and Evaporation Potential on Survival of Airborne Gumboro Vaccine Virus

Effects of Temperature, Relative Humidity, Absolute Humidity, and Evaporation Potential on Survival of Airborne Gumboro Vaccine Virus

Characterization of UVC Light Sensitivity of Vaccinia Virus

Differentiating Between Physical and Viable Penetrations When Challenging Respirator Filters with Bioaerosols

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