Development of Low Voltage Network Templates—Part I: Substation Clustering and Classification

Three-Phase Power Imbalance Decomposition Into Systematic Imbalance and Random Imbalance

“…The input data are three-phase power series for 782 low voltage substations derived from the three-phase voltages and currents monitored at the secondary side of 11kV/415V transformers throughout Western Power Distribution (a UK DNO)'s business area [24]. Therefore, the three-phase power series are the power injected from 11kV networks to 415V networks.…”

“…Therefore, the three-phase power series are the power injected from 11kV networks to 415V networks. The data cover a good mix of geographical characteristics and customer types [24]. Four representative substations are selected to demonstrate the methodology.…”

Optimal allocation of intermittent distributed generators in active distribution network

“…K -means clustering method is an efficient clustering method, and its basic idea is given in Refs [17][18][19]: K points in the sample space is chosen randomly as the initial clustering center, and Euclidean distance is used as the evaluation index of the sample similarity (the smaller the distance, the higher the similarity). Update the K points by iteration until the convergence criteria are meet.…”

“…where (9) and (10) are the power flow equation constraints; (11) and (12) are the nodal voltage constraint and feeder capacity constraint, respectively; (13)-(16) are the operation constraints of IDGs; (17) and (18) are the active and reactive power constraints of the substation, respectively; and (19) is the constraint of the secondary voltage of OLTC. P i ,s and Q i ,s are the active and reactive power injected into bus i for the sth scenario, respectively; U i ,s and U j ,s are the nodal voltage at bus i and bus j for the sth scenario, respectively; G ij and B ij are the corresponding real part and imaginary part of the admittance matrix, respectively; δ ij ,s is the angle difference between bus i and bus j for the sth scenario; U min i and U max i are the allowed lower and upper nodal voltage at bus i , respectively; S k ,s is the apparent power of feeder k for the sth scenario; S max k is the maximum allowed value; P n,s, IDG and Q n, s, IDG are the active and reactive power of the nth IDG for the sth scenario, respectively; ϕ n,s is the power factor angle of the nth IDG for the sth scenario; ϕ min n and ϕ max n are the minimum…”

“…(a) Use x to collectively represent all the variables in (9)- (19); then the optimal power flow problem of minimizing carbon emission of each scenario can be written as…”