Development of low temperature Li-ion electrolytes for NASA and DoD applications

Plichta, Edward J.; Hendrickson, Mary; Thompson, R. L. E.; Au, G.; Behl, Wishvender K.; Smart, Marshall C.; Ratnakumar, B. V.; Surampudi, S.

doi:10.1016/s0378-7753(00)00578-4

Cited by 129 publications

(80 citation statements)

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“…Lithium ion batteries have been known to exhibit poor low-temperature performance [46][47][48]. The drastic reduced charge storage of LIBs at low temperatures compared to room temperature has impeded their use in military (requiring −40 to 70°C) and extra-terrestrial applications [49].…”

Section: Comparison Of Supercapacitors and Batteriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The drastic reduced charge storage of LIBs at low temperatures compared to room temperature has impeded their use in military (requiring −40 to 70°C) and extra-terrestrial applications [49]. Although controversial debate exists in the literature regarding the exact causes, several factors are reported to contribute to the poor low-temperature performance of LIBs: (1) low ionic conductivity of electrolyte, (2) slow lithium ion transport kinetics in the electrode materials, (3) slow diffusion and charge transfer rates at the electrode/electrolyte interface, (4) poor wetting of the separator material, and (5) other cell/battery design features [46,48,50,51]. Battery charge/discharge involves charge transfer and/or intercalation/deintercalation phenomenon at the electrodes, in addition to ion transport through the electrolyte.…”

Section: Comparison Of Supercapacitors and Batteriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Influence of Temperature on Supercapacitor Performance

Xiong

Kundu

Fisher

2015

SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology

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Because of the negligible faradic reactions in double-layer capacitors, heat generated during charge/discharge processes derives mostly from Joule heating, which is determined by internal resistance (or equivalent series resistance, ESR). However, heat generated in pseudo-capacitors derives from both Joule heating and exothermic/ endothermic Faradic reactions. Thus, understanding how temperature affects capacitance and ESR is essential to predict supercapacitor performance under different operating conditions. The general techniques (e.g., CV, constant current-charge/ discharge and EIS) to evaluate capacitance and ESR have been discussed in Sect. 2.4.Many factors contribute to ESR in a supercapacitor: (i) interfacial resistance (contact resistance) between the electrode and the current collectors; (ii) electronic resistance of the electrode material; (iii) resistance of ions migrating through the electrode pores; (v) electrolyte resistance, and (vi) resistance of ions migrating through the separator [2,3]. Consequently, ESR depends on the active area and porosity of electrodes, ionic conductivity of the electrolyte, and physical properties of the separator (e.g., porosity, thickness and tortuosity). Notably, electrolyte resistance is only part of ESR. ESR depends on many factors (e.g., electrode structure, materials, electrolytes, fabrication and temperature). ESR is suggested to be inversely proportional to σ within certain ranges [4], but this relation can be violated. For instance, ESR is more dominated by the carbon electrode resistance and the interface resistance at the current collector than electrolyte resistance, as indicated by a much smaller activation energy of ACN-based supercapacitors than that of the electrolyte [5]. Capacitance is a function of surface area and volume of the electrodes, and ionic conductivity of electrolytes, which strongly depends on temperature variations.The operating temperature strongly influences the properties of electrolytes (e.g., viscosity, solubility of the salt in solvents, ionic conductivity, and thermal stability), leading to dramatic changes of capacitance and ESR, particularly at extreme temperatures (ultra-low and ultra-high temperatures). Consequently, the influence of

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Section: Comparison Of Supercapacitors and Batteriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Comparison Of Supercapacitors and Batteriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Temperature on Supercapacitor Performance

Xiong

Kundu

Fisher

2015

SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology

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“…[5,7,8] This precludes the utilization of these batteries in a number of defense, space, and even terrestrial applications.…”

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Nanostructured Electrodes and the Low‐Temperature Performance of Li‐Ion Batteries

Sides

Martin²

2005

Advanced Materials

263

159

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Li-ion batteries have become the power source of choice for consumer electronic devices such as cell phones and laptop computers.[1±4] This is because these batteries have good rechargeability (1000+ cycles) and offer higher energy density (stored charge per unit volume or mass of the battery) than competing battery technologies. [1,2] However, it is well documented that Li-ion batteries show poor low-temperature performance.[5±9] Specifically, the amount of charge delivered from the battery at temperatures below 0 C is substantially lower than the amount of charge delivered at room temperature. [5,7,8] This precludes the utilization of these batteries in a number of defense, space, and even terrestrial applications.[10]We have been investigating the application of nanotechnology to Li-ion battery electrode design.[11±13] Based on these studies it seemed likely that Li-ion battery electrodes composed of nanoscopic particles of the electrode material could mitigate this low-temperature performance problem. We prove this case here by showing that nanofibers (diameter = 70 nm) of the electrode material V 2 O 5 deliver dramatically higher specific discharge capacities at low temperatures than V 2 O 5 fibers with micrometer-sized diameters. While there is controversy in the scientific literature, [5,7±9] the most likely causes of the poor low-temperature performance are either: 1) diminution in the rates of these electrochemical charge/discharge reactions at low temperatures; or 2) diminution in the rate at which Li + diffuses within the particles that make up the electrode at low temperature. We hypothesized that in either case, an electrode composed of nanoscopic particles (diameters less than 100 nm) would provide better low temperature performance than the~10 lm sized particles [14] used in commercial battery electrodes. This is because an electrode composed of nanoscopic particles would, in general (vide infra), have a higher surface area than an electrode composed of large particles, and this would mitigate the slow electrochemical kinetics problem. Furthermore, the distance that Li + must diffuse within the particle would be decreased for nanoscopic particles, and this would mitigate the slow solid-state diffusion problem.To prove this point we have used the template-synthesis method [15] to prepare cathodes composed of monodisperse V 2 O 5 nanofibers (diameter = 70 nm) that protrude from a current-collector surface like the bristles of a brush (Fig. 1a). We compare the low-temperature charge/discharge performance of these nanofiber cathodes with cathodes composed of V 2 O 5 fibers with diameters of 0.8 lm (Fig. 1b), as well as with cathodes composed of 0.45 lm diameter fibers (Fig. 1c). If our hypothesis is correct, the low-temperature performance of the

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“…The searches focus on all aspects of these batteries, including improved anodes, [6][7][8] cathodes [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17] and electrolytes. [18][19][20][21][22] However, most of these efforts are concentrated in new cathode materials, since the most used cathode material (LiCoO 2 ) is expensive and is somewhat toxic.…”

Section: Initial Remarksmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The searches focus on all aspects of these batteries, including improved anodes, 6-8 cathodes 9-17 and electrolytes. [18][19][20][21][22] However, most of these efforts are concentrated in new cathode materials, since the most used cathode material (LiCoO 2 ) is expensive and is somewhat toxic.The active cathode material of a secondary lithium ion battery is a host compound, where lithium ions can be inserted and extracted reversibly during the cycling process. The main requirements for cathode materials are: (i) the transition metal ion in the insertion compound cathode should have a large work function to maximize the cell voltage, (ii) the insertion compound should allow an insertion/extraction of a large amount of lithium to maximize the cell capacity, (iii) the lithium insertion/extraction process should be reversible with no or minimal changes in the host structure over the entire range of lithium insertion/ extraction, (iv) chemical stability for both redox forms of cathode couple, (v) the insertion compound should support good electronic and Li + conductivities to minimize cell polarizations and, (vi) the voltage profile should be relatively continuous, without large voltage steps that can complicate power managements in devices.…”

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confidence: 99%

Cathodes for lithium ion batteries: the benefits of using nanostructured materials

Camilo¹,

Torresi²

2006

J. Braz. Chem. Soc.

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As celas de íon lítio disponíveis comercialmente, as quais são as mais avançadas entre as baterias recarregáveis disponíveis até agora, empregam óxidos de metais de transição microcristalinos como catodos, os quais funcionam como matrizes de inserção de lítio. Em busca por uma melhor performance eletroquímica, o uso de nanomateriais no lugar dos materiais convencionais tem emergido como excelente alternativa. Nesta revisão nós apresentaremos uma breve introdução sobre as motivações de usar materiais nanoestruturados como catodos em baterias de íon-lítio. Para ilustrar tais vantagens apresentamos exemplos de pesquisas relacionadas com a preparação e dados eletroquímicos dos mais usados catodos em nanoescala, tais como LiCoO 2 , LiMn 2 O 4 , LiMnO 2 , LiV 2 O 5 e LiFePO 4 .Commercially available lithium ion cells, which are the most advanced among rechargeable batteries available so far, employ microcrystalline transition metal oxides as cathodes, which function as Li insertion hosts. In search for better electrochemical performance the use of nanomaterials in place of these conventional ones has emerged as excellent alternative. In this review we present a brief introduction about the motivations to use nanostructured materials as cathodes in lithium ion batteries. To illustrate such advantages we present some examples of research directed toward preparations and electrochemical data of the most used cathodes in nanoscale, such as LiCoO 2 , LiMn 2 O 4 , LiMnO 2 , LiV 2 O 5 e LiFePO 4 .Keywords: nanotechnology, lithium-ion battery, cathode, nanoparticles Initial RemarksSince Sony introduced its 18650 cell in 1990, 1 Li-ion batteries with excellent electrochemical performance have been manufactured and occupied a prime position in the market place 2 to power portable and non-portable devices. [3][4][5] The reason for this relevance is that compared to traditional rechargeable batteries such as, lead acid and Ni-Cd, the lithium-ion battery shows several advantages, such as lighter in weight, smaller in dimension and higher energy density. 1 Moreover, although capacity values may be similar to other rechargeable systems, voltages are approximately three times higher, affording higher energy. 1 In general, the commercial lithium-ion batteries use graphite-lithium composite, Li x C 6 , as anode, lithium cobalt oxide, LiCoO 2 , as cathode and a lithium-ion conducting electrolyte. When the cell is charged, lithium is extracted from the cathode and inserted at the anode. On discharge, the lithium ions are released by the anode and taken up again by the cathode (Figure 1).Owing to the importance of lithium ion batteries, these cells are still object of intense research to enhance their properties and characteristics. The searches focus on all aspects of these batteries, including improved anodes, 6-8 cathodes 9-17 and electrolytes. [18][19][20][21][22] However, most of these efforts are concentrated in new cathode materials, since the most used cathode material (LiCoO 2 ) is expensive and is somewhat toxic.The active catho...

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Development of low temperature Li-ion electrolytes for NASA and DoD applications

Cited by 129 publications

References 2 publications

Influence of Temperature on Supercapacitor Performance

Influence of Temperature on Supercapacitor Performance

Nanostructured Electrodes and the Low‐Temperature Performance of Li‐Ion Batteries

Cathodes for lithium ion batteries: the benefits of using nanostructured materials

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