Development of low-temperature eutectic phase change material with expanded graphite for vaccine cold chain logistics

The demand for thermal comfort by increased population results in growing energy consumption worldwide, resulting in deterioration of the global climate caused by greenhouse gas emissions. The latent heat storage technique is efficient because it can be operated at a minimum range of temperature. Especially, Phase change materials (PCMs), which have a tendency for solid-liquid phase transformation, have become a topic of great research interest. Organic PCM may be utilized in many thermal storage system applications. But none of the organic PCM in its pure form possesses all of the required properties for usage in real applications. So, to use a particular PCM in a variety of applications, eutectic PCM may be designed. The thermal characteristics like phase transition temperature and enthalpy of fusion may easily be adjusted by adding at least two PCMs to prepare eutectics with a lower melting temperature and higher energy density than either of the individual PCMs. The optimal composition of PCMs in the eutectic material and the lowest melting point are computed using the Schroder-Van Laar model. Also, because of the poor heat conduction of eutectic PCM, it puts a barrier to utilization in real-world applications. Various materials can be added in order to optimize thermal conductivity of these eutectic PCMs. Therefore, eutectic PCMs have the potential to be utilized for low-temperature heat energy storage practical applications and will progressively be included in worldwide heat management solutions in the coming years, and their price should indicate that they are worth the investment.

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“…Thermal conductivity enhancement of DA/LA eutectic PCM using the varied EG mass proportions, adopted from (Liu et al 2021)…”

Section: Prediction and Designing Of Eutectic Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

State-of-the-Art Review of Organic Phase Change Materials for Low-Temperature Thermal Energy Storage Technology

Bidiyasar

Kumar

Jakhar

2022

Preprint

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“…The highlighted result was that the damaged PCMs suffered a loss of latent heat of about 12% compared with the nondamaged PCMs. Until now, many researchers have investigated properties of various PCM composites, including graphene, graphite, core shell, and nanocomposites, by DSC [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermophysical Properties of Inorganic Phase-Change Materials Based on MnCl2·4H2O

et al. 2022

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Manganese (II) chloride tetrahydrate, classified as an inorganic phase-change material (PCM), can be used as a thermal energy storage material, saving and releasing thermal energy during its phase transitions. In this study, thermophysical properties, such as phase change temperatures, latent heat, and thermal conductivities, of four types of MnCl2·4H2O PCMs were investigated under single and dual phases (liquid-, solid-, and dual-phase PCMs) using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and a heat flow meter. PCMs with a liquid or dual phases exhibited superheating issues, and their melting temperatures were 7 to 10 °C higher than the reference melting temperatures. The PCMs had latent heats between 146 and 176 J/g in the temperature range of 23 to 45 °C under the endothermic process. Severe supercooling during the exothermic process was observed in all as-received specimens, but was mitigated in the homogenization-treated specimen, which sustained an increase in solidification temperature of about 15 °C compared with the as-received and treated PCMs. The diffusivities of PCMs were between 9.76 × 10−6 and 2.35 × 10−5 mm2/s. The diffusivities of the PCMs in the solid phase were higher than those in the liquid phase. During the initial holding time of the endothermic process, the PCM in the liquid phase could not be fully solidified due to an insufficient initial holding time and very low diffusivity, which caused superheating during the DSC measurement. Moreover, in the exothermic process, a fast cooling rate of 5 °C/min and low thermal diffusivity caused supercooling. In particular, the diffusivity of the liquid PCM was lower than those of the solid PCM and other PCMs, which caused extremely high supercooling during the DSC measurement. This paper provides the thermophysical properties of MnCl2·4H2O PCMs, which are not available in the literature. The homogeneity of PCMs in their initial states and their heating/cooling rates were identified, and constitute important factors for accurately measuring the thermophysical properties of PCMs.

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“…For a long time, the most widely used material in the field of thermal management engineering is phase change materials (PCMs) due to extensive sources, constant working temperature in the phase change process, and the spontaneous thermal management process. , Specifically, PCMs can stabilize the working temperature of electronic components, − adjust the indoor temperature of buildings, and refrigerate foods or biological samples. , Recently, PCMs have been developed into wearable devices for personal thermal management (PTM) to generate thermal comfort, which regulates the local thermal environment around the human body instead of the living space or environment. , PCMs can actively absorb, store, and release energy, reduce the impact of rapid changes in ambient temperature on body temperature, and create a buffer environmental microclimate . When the external environment temperature of wearable devices containing PCMs rises, the PCMs absorb heat, and the physical state changes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…19,20 Specifically, PCMs can stabilize the working temperature of electronic components, 21−24 adjust the indoor temperature of buildings, and refrigerate foods or biological samples. 25,26 Recently, PCMs have been developed into wearable devices for personal thermal management (PTM) to generate thermal comfort, which regulates the local thermal environment around the human body instead of the living space or environment. 24,27 PCMs can actively absorb, store, and release energy, reduce the impact of rapid changes in ambient temperature on body temperature, and create a buffer environmental microclimate.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Boron Nitride-Doped Inorganic Hydrated Salt Gels Demonstrating Superior Thermal Energy Storage and Wearability Toward High-Performance Personal Thermal Management

Luo

Zou

Qiao

et al. 2022

ACS Appl. Energy Mater.

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Realizing the person thermal management (PTM) toward human body and its local environment is emerging as a research hotspot. Sodium sulfate decahydrate (SSD) possessing reversible thermal energy absorption, storage, and release around the human body temperature provides a promising solution for PTM and thermal comfort. However, developing SSD-based functional materials with superior thermophysical properties and wearability to enable efficient PTM still remains a huge challenge. Herein, a strategy of ionic cross-linking, chemical cross-linking, and boron nitride (BN) doping is developed to manufacture the high-performance hybrid SSD gels. The supercooling degree of the BN@SSD gels can be reduced to 0 °C. The thermal conductivity (1.2668 W m–1 K–1) of the BN@SSD gels can be increased by 63.14%. The BN@SSD gels present a large thermal energy storage capacity of 132.52 J g–1. The BN@SSD gels demonstrate excellent form stability to confine the liquid SSD and high cyclic stability of 200 cycles. Furthermore, The BN@SSD gels also possess superior wearability in terms of high flexibility, high self-repairing efficiency, and high cost effectiveness (5.53 × 10–3 ¥ g–1). Owing to the various merits of the synergistic enhancement effect, the BN@SSD gels are effectively utilized in wearable PTM to generate thermal comfort for the human body. The multifunctional thermal energy storage gels offer a promising route to the highly efficient application of PCMs in next-generation PTM.

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Development of low-temperature eutectic phase change material with expanded graphite for vaccine cold chain logistics

Cited by 58 publications

References 45 publications

State-of-the-Art Review of Organic Phase Change Materials for Low-Temperature Thermal Energy Storage Technology

State-of-the-Art Review of Organic Phase Change Materials for Low-Temperature Thermal Energy Storage Technology

Thermophysical Properties of Inorganic Phase-Change Materials Based on MnCl2·4H2O

Boron Nitride-Doped Inorganic Hydrated Salt Gels Demonstrating Superior Thermal Energy Storage and Wearability Toward High-Performance Personal Thermal Management

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