Development of long life FBR fuels with particular emphasis on cladding material improvement and fuel fabrication.

A study of the effect of titanium on the void swelling behavior of D9 steels by ion beam simulation

“…In this paper we set out to explore the effect of titanium concentration on the void swelling behavior in ion irradiated D9 alloy. The role of ion irradiation as a surrogate for neutron irradiation in studying effects of minor elements and for basic studies in radiation damage is well established [7,11]. Accelerated heavy ions possess an inherent advantage of producing high displacement rates by virtue of its high displacement cross-sections compared to neutrons.…”

“…The titanium modified steels exhibited greatly improved swelling resistance under breeder reactor conditions [4] and consequently, have become a prime candidate for structural applications. In the cold worked Ti modified austenitic stainless steels, formation of fine stable precipitates of TiC termed as secondary precipitates have been reported to enhance the resistance against void swelling, helium embrittlement and in-pile creep during irradiation [5][6][7][8][9]. However, introduction of such high number density particles requires a fine tuning of alloy composition, which in turn requires understanding of the synergistic effects of alloying elements, thermal aging, and irradiation on phase stability.…”

Void swelling in ion irradiated (15Ni–14Cr), Ti-modified stainless steel: A study using positron annihilation and step height measurements

“…Accelerated heavy ions, which possess an inherent advantage of producing high displacement rates, have been used for studying the effect of minor alloying elements on swelling as well as for basic studies in radiation damage [1][2][3][4]. To obtain swelling comparisons between alloys, it is imperative to compare their swelling behaviour at the peak swelling temperatures [5].…”