Development ofIn SituSensors for Chlorophyll Concentration Measurement

Abstract

Chlorophyll fluorescence measurement is a sensitive and effective method to quantify and analyze freshwater and sea water phytoplanktonin situ. Major improvements in optical design, electronic technology, and calibration protocol have increased the accuracy and reliability of the fluorometer. This review briefly describes the improvement of probe design, excitation light sources, detectors, and calibrations ofin situfluorometers. Firstly, various optical designs for increasing the efficiency of fluorescence measurement are discussed. Next, the development of electronic technology to meet and improvein situmeasurement, including various light sources, detectors, and corresponding measurement protocols, is described. In addition, various calibration materials, procedures, and methods are recommended for different kinds of water. The conclusion discusses key trends and future perspectives forin situfluorescence sensors.

Application of a spectrofluorimetric tool (bbe BenthoTorch) for monitoring potentially toxic benthic cyanobacteria in rivers

“…Although a range of different technologies based on pigment composition, such as remote sensing, have been developed for surveying microalgae and cyanobacteria (Domínguez G omez et al, 2011;Hunter et al, 2009), fluorescence-based methods have been referred as the most suitable technology for field-based quantification and discrimination of microalgae and cyanobacteria (Zeng and Li, 2015). Different tools based on this technology (for example bbe Fluoroprobe or PhytoFlash developed by Turner Designs) are now widely used for studying phytoplanktonic communities.…”

Considerations in Harmful Algal Bloom Research and Monitoring: Perspectives From a Consensus-Building Workshop and Technology Testing

“…Complete summaries of the ACT technology evaluation of multi-excitation fluorometers can be obtained in product-specific technical reports 9 . Continued innovations in development of sensors to quantify biomass (Zeng and Li, 2015;Gull et al, 2016) and, specifically, to discriminate among phytoplankton and FIGURE 1 | Phytoplankton group classifications generated by the Moldaenke Gmbh PhycoProbe TM during a 2-week moored deployment in the Chesapeake Bay during the ACT performance verification of in situ fluorometers for detecting HABs. Colors indicate major phytoplankton groups, including green algae (green), cyanobacteria/bluegreen algae (blue), diatoms (orange), cryptophytes (brown), and the cyanobacteria Planktothrix (brown, hatched).…”

Routine Management of Microalgae Using Autofluorescence from Chlorophyll

“…Chlorophyll fluorescence is a noninvasive phenomenon for analyzing photosynthetic energy conversion of microalgae as well as cyanobacteria, phytoplankton, and higher plants [31,32]. As Figure 2 shows, chlorophyll molecules excited by an appropriate excitation light emits red florescence (Figure 3a,b).…”