Development of Geraniol-Loaded Liposomal Nanoformulations against Salmonella Colonization in the Pig Gut

Abstract

Salmonella is a global health threat, with pig production being one of the main sources of human salmonellosis. The current study investigated the antivirulence properties of geraniol for inhibiting the in vitro colonization of Salmonella. The minimum inhibitory (MIC) and bactericidal concentrations (MBC) of geraniol against Salmonella typhimurium followed by the sub-MIC of geraniol were determined. Results provided clear evidence that geraniol at 1/8 MIC can be used as an effective, non-toxic antivirulence compound to inhibit virulence factors (motility, adhesion, and invasiveness) affecting the colonization of S. typhimurium on IPEC-J2 cells. Additionally, the findings signified that microfluidics is an emerging technology suitable for the preparation of stable liposomes with a small size (<200 nm) and high encapsulation efficiency (EE) of up to 92.53%, which can act as effective carriers of geraniol into the pig gastrointestinal tract (GIT), targeting Salmonella, preventing colonization, and thus increasing the safety of the food supply chain.

Cytotoxic and Antioxidative Effects of Geranium Oil and Ascorbic Acid Coloaded in Niosomes against MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells

“…On the other hand, the spectra of GO/NSs, AA/NSs, and AA-GO/NSs demonstrated the disappearance of three characteristic peaks of GO, which are at 2925.9 (−CH 3 stretching), 1729.7 (CO stretching), and 1453.8 cm –1 (C–H bending). Also, the disappearance of AA’s characteristic peaks, 1416.5 and 1321.6 cm –1 (−CH bending), confirms the GO’s and AA’s successful entrapment within the niosomal matrix …”

“…Also, the disappearance of AA’s characteristic peaks, 1416.5 and 1321.6 cm –1 (−CH bending), confirms the GO’s and AA’s successful entrapment within the niosomal matrix. 23 …”

Recent Developments and Applications of Nanosystems in the Preservation of Meat and Meat Products

“…The use of geraniol as an antimicrobial increased effectiveness when added in liposomal nano-formulation obtained by microfluidics into the pig gastrointestinal tract and was shown to reduce the growth of S. typhimurium , thereby increasing the safety of the food supply chain [ 10 ].…”

“…Nanotechnology permits incorporating hydrophobic and hydrophilic bioactives and other natural compounds that provide positive effects related to particle size, such as reducing the amount of bioactive ingredients to minimize changes in the sensory characteristics of products, maintain the attractive visual features of food, increase shelf life, and conserve nutritional value, functionality, and stability [ 8 , 9 ], and inhibit the growth of foodborne pathogens [ 10 ]. This method also helps incorporate natural additives with antioxidant and antimicrobial activity, modifiers, and texture, flavor, and color enhancers into meat preservation and processing [ 11 , 12 ].…”

The Manufacturing and Characterisation of Eugenol-Enclosed Liposomes Produced by Microfluidic Method

“…This can be prevented by encapsulating eugenol into nanostructures such as liposomes, which are spherical vesicles made up of lipids. Liposomes are ideal candidates for the encapsulation of different molecules due to desirable attributes such as non-toxicity, biodegradability, and the capacity to facilitate sustained release of the enclosed compound [6]. Their unique structure allows the encapsulation of hydrophilic compounds in the central aqueous cavity, while hydrophobic compounds are embedded in the lipid bilayer.…”