Development of Fuel Cell System Control for Sub-Zero Ambient Conditions

Review—Subzero Automotive Fuel Cells: Water Fill Tests vs Cold-Starts

“…Their suggested methods to improve subzero startup performance were: (i) reduced λ initial , (ii) reduced amounts of product water generation during cold-start (W gen ), and (iii) increased W Wsc . 73 This is consistent with increasing the water storage capacity for isothermal water fill tests, but not for rapidly increasing the thermal response during actual cold-starts. Liphardt et al showed less cold-start degradation for high λ initial preconditioned 20-cell stacks.…”

Strategy optimization of proton exchange membrane fuel cell cold start

“…流场的形状决定了反应气体的分布和排水性能，因此对冷启动性能有显著影响。Hu 等人 [85] 采用数值模拟的方法研究了燃料电池阴极流场形状和 GDL 孔隙率对冷启动过程的影响，通过分 析不同时刻燃料电池的电流密度、冰体积分数、温度及含水量等内部参数，发现波浪形流场和 GDL 孔隙率较高的燃料电池冷启动性能最佳。Liao 等人 [12] 建立了一个瞬态三维数值模型来详细 分析锯齿形流场的燃料电池冷启动过程(图 5)。结果表明，锯齿形流场能更好地分配 PEMFC 中 的反应物和产物，并且增强了电池内部脊下和流道下区域之间沿流动方向的传输。Zhu 等人 [86] 通过改变流道截面宽度设计了变截面蛇形流场、 变截面交指形流场和变截面平行流场三种新型的 电堆阴极流场， 以此提高电堆的排水效率。 结果表明， 变截面蛇形流场的电堆在冷启动速度最快， 且启动失败时性能衰减最小。Li 等人 [87] 设计了一种变截面波浪蛇形流道，发现其可以加强氧气 运输和清除积聚的水。Maruo 等人 [88] 开发了一种 3D 细网格阴极流道以改善排水性能，并成功应…”

Fuel cells with an operational range of –20 °C to 200 °C enabled by phosphoric acid-doped intrinsically ultramicroporous membranes

“…[8][9][10][11][12][13][14] Thus, broadening the operation temperature and RH windows, and further achieving sub-zero start-up capabilities become the critical challenges for the commercialization of high temperature (HT) PEMFC systems. [15][16][17][18] At present, common strategies to improve cold-start-up performance depend on engineering means and external assistance to manage water during shut-down and start-up, such as using a 3D ne mesh cathode ow channel, introducing gas purging procedures, installing an additional internal/external heating device, or including an alternate hydrogen pump. 16,[18][19][20] However, improving PEM proton conductivity below 0 °C, which seems like a straightforward strategy to solve cold-startup challenges, has rarely been applied in low-temperature PEMFCs.…”

“…[15][16][17][18] At present, common strategies to improve cold-start-up performance depend on engineering means and external assistance to manage water during shut-down and start-up, such as using a 3D ne mesh cathode ow channel, introducing gas purging procedures, installing an additional internal/external heating device, or including an alternate hydrogen pump. 16,[18][19][20] However, improving PEM proton conductivity below 0 °C, which seems like a straightforward strategy to solve cold-startup challenges, has rarely been applied in low-temperature PEMFCs. Since PA-doped PEMs do not rely on water to transport protons, it is reasonable to hypothesize that PA-doped PEMFCs could start-up and operate below 0 °C, if a solution to the intractable problem of how to prevent PA leaching under low temperature conditions is found.…”