Development of FIA Equipped with a Chemiluminescence Detector Using a Mixed Reagent of Luminol and 1,10-Phenanthroline

Abstract

Absorbance and fluorescence phenomena have been the most basic principles for the detection technique in an instrumental analysis. Also, chemiluminescence (CL), which has a profound relationship to their detection principles, has received much attention as an attractive detection technique. CL detection has the followings characteristics: highly sensitive, determinable over a wide range, easy to operate, and inexpensive apparatus and reagent. It has been used in FIA, HPLC, 1-4 and capillary electrophoresis. [5][6][7][8][9] Recently, CL detection is also estimated to be one of the most matched detection methods to the micro total analysis system (µ-TAS), because CL does not require any light source or spectroscopes. 10,11 The CL from synthetic compounds, including luminol, peroxyoxalate ester, ruthenium complex, lophine derivative, acridinium ester, and adamantyldioxetane compound, have been known for a long time, and many analytical applications of them have been reported. [12][13][14] The CL emitted by luminol is remarkably enhanced by a catalyst, such as metal ions. 15 This has been used for the determination of small amounts of metal ions and their complexes. The reaction of peroxyoxalate reagents, such as bis(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)oxalate (TCPO) and H2O2, induces CL through energy transport to co-existing fluorescence compounds. 16 The peroxyoxalate CL reaction, which can detect fluorescence-labeled compounds, is useful and attractive in CL analyses, because the labeling for fluorescence methods has been widely investigated and the technique can be easily applied for CL detection using peroxyoxalate reagents.Tris(2,2′-bipyridine)ruthenium(II) ion (Ru(bpy)3 2+ ) has also been utilized as a CL reagent, where Ru(bpy)3 3+ , which is obtained electrochemically, oxidizes various organic amines. 17 The oxidant, Ru(bpy)3 3+, generally reacts best with tertiary, next with secondary, and with primary alkyl amines. The CL reaction was utilized to determine antibiotic compounds, like erythromycin and clindomycin, which both possess reactive tertiary amine groups. 18,19 However, compared to absorption and fluorescence detections, it is possible that CL detection lacks generality in its use. In order to solve this problem, many scientists have tried to synthesize novel CL reagents and to explore more effective analytical conditions. 2 New reaction phases or interfaces to change the CL property also been introduced into the CL reaction for a trace analysis of metal ions, H2O2, dyestuffs, etc. 20,21The local microenvironment in ordered surfactant assemblies, such as micelles, reversed micelles, and bilayer membranes, resulted in significant improvements in the analytical performance of CL reaction systems. For example, the CL mechanism in 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) oxidation during the catalytic decomposition of H2O2 was reported in 1982 by Fedorova et al., 22 and Ishii et al. found out micellar enhanced CL using phen-H2O2-cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) system to determine Cu(II) at the sub-picogram level. 23 We stud...

Capillary Electrophoresis With a Chemiluminescence Detector Using the Two Reactions of Luminol and Peroxyoxalate

“…[14,15] We have developed the FIA apparatus described here incorporating two CL reaction systems to expand use of the conventional CL reagents. [16,17] In this study, we introduced the two CL systems into the CE apparatus. In the CE apparatus using flow-and batch-type CL detection cells, ILITC, FITC, and ILITC-, FITC-, and ILITC= FITC-labeled proteins were analyzed as models to evaluate the luminol and peroxyoxalate CL systems.…”

“…Furthermore, we developed an FIA system equipped with a CL detector using a new mixed CL reagent consisting of luminol and 1,10-phenanthroline for the detection of metal ions and metal complexes. [17] In this study, we developed a CE apparatus equipped with a CL detector using both luminol and peroxyoxalate CL systems. Flow-and batch-type CL detection cells were used for the apparatus to analyze model samples, such as ILITC, FITC, and proteins labeled with these reagents.…”

Introduction of fluorescence and chemiluminescence detection to capillary chromatography based on tube radial distribution of water–hydrophilic–hydrophobic organic mixture carrier solvents

“…Fluorescence and chemiluminescence detection, as well as absorption detection, have been widely used in flow analyses, including flow-injection analysis, high-performance liquid chromatography, and capillary electrophoresis, to extend the analytical performance with regard to sensitivity and analytical subjects. [11][12][13][14][15] In this study, we attempted to introduce fluorescence and chemiluminescence detection into the TRDC system.…”