Development of extraction technique and GC/FID method for the analysis of cannabinoids in <scp><i>Cannabis sativa</i></scp> L. spp. <i>santicha</i> (hemp)

Baranauskaitė, Justė; Marksa, Mindaugas; Ivanauskas, Liudas; Vitkevičius, Konradas; Liaudanskas, Mindaugas; Skyrius, Vaidas; Baranauskas, Algirdas

doi:10.1002/pca.2915

Cited by 26 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Cannabis extracts are a wide family of products that are used for both medical and non-medical (“recreational”) purposes. The chemical profile of the various extracts depends on the source of the material being extracted (i.e., “chemotype”) and the extraction solvent/method (Brighenti et al, 2017 ; Baranauskaite et al, 2020 ). We have shown in this study that a simple difference at a single step in the extraction procedure (i.e., temperature) can have a profound effect on the chemical profile and subsequent bioactivity of the extracts.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing the bioactivity of cannabis extracts in larval zebrafish

et al. 2021

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Background Whole-plant cannabis extracts are consumed by the public for medical and non-medical (“recreational”) purposes but are poorly researched compared to pure cannabinoids. There is emerging evidence that cannabis extracts comprising complex mixtures of cannabinoids may have different biological effects from that of pure cannabinoids. In the current study, we sought to assess the effect of whole-plant cannabis extracts produced from different chemotypes of cannabis on the normal behavior of zebrafish larvae. Methods Three cannabis plant chemotypes were used in this study that contained either high amounts of THC, high amounts of CBD, high but equal amounts of THC and CBD, or low but equal amounts of THC and CBD. Following solvent extraction, liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) was performed for the detection and quantitation of target cannabinoids. Larval zebrafish behavioral models were subsequently used to assess the effect of the four different whole-plant cannabis extracts on the normal larval behavior using the DanioVision behavioral tracking systems and software. To compare, changes in the behavior activity levels for 30 min periods were compared to controls using 2-way ANOVA with multiple comparisons followed by a Bonferroni post hoc test. Results It was found that the whole-plant extracts that contained high levels of THC had similar effects on larval behavior, while the high CBD and low THC:CBD extracts produced distinct effects on normal larval behavior. Exposure of larvae to concentration-matched levels of THC and CBD found in the extracts revealed that a subset of the cannabis extracts tested had similar behavioral profiles to the pure cannabinoids while others did not. Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the first study to test and compare the bioactivity of different whole-plant cannabis extracts in larval zebrafish. This work will provide a framework for future studies of distinct cannabis extracts and will be useful for comparing the bioactivity of extracts from different cannabis chemotypes as well as extracts made through various heating processes. It will also act as the first stage of assessment before testing the extracts against zebrafish models of toxicity and disease.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing the bioactivity of cannabis extracts in larval zebrafish

et al. 2021

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“…The extraction procedure for CBD and CBG from hemp was followed by using ultrasound-assisted extraction with 96% ethanol, the material/solvent ratio being 1:10 and the extraction time being 10 min at room temperature. The extract was filtered through a 0.22 μm microfilter into a dark glass vial [ 20 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Cannabis sativa L. Extract on Oxidative Stress Markers In Vivo

Kubilienė

Mickutė

Baranauskaitė

et al. 2021

Life

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In recent decades, a lot of attention has been paid to Cannabis sativa L. due to its useful applications, including in fibers, oil, food for humans and animals, and therapeutics. The present study aimed to determine antioxidant activity of cannabinoids in Cannabis sativa L. in vivo, evaluating the possible antioxidative effect of Cannabis sativa L. extract (CE) on malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) concentrations as well as on catalase (CAT) activity in BALB/c mice. In total, 40 mice were divided into five equal groups: the aluminum group (7.5 mg AlCl3/kg/d (0.15 LD50), the saline group, the 10% ethanol group (an appropriate amount of the solution for mouse weight), the CE group (1.6 mg CE/g/day), and the aluminum-CE group (7.5 mg AlCl3 plus 1.6 mg CE/g/day). The results of the study showed that CE significantly decreased (by 26.81%, p < 0.05) the concentration of GSH in blood of the mice and the concentration of MDA in the brain (by 82.12%) and liver (by 53.5%) of the mice compared to the respective concentrations in the AlCl3 group. CE significantly (p < 0.05) increased CAT activity in the brain (by 64.79%) and liver (by 72.37%) of the mice after the AlCl3-induced prooxidant effect. The results showed the antioxidant activity of cannabidiolic acid (CBDA) in vitro. The findings in vivo indicate that Cannabis sativa L. is a good source of natural antioxidants and can be used in the management of oxidative stress.

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“…Since the introduction of CBD‐based anticonvulsant drug Epidiolex in 2018, much focus has been given on therapeutic cannabinoids 8 . To date, there are a good number of publications on various extraction techniques applied for the extraction of cannabinoids from natural sources available in the literature, 4,8–14 highlighting the importance of those techniques as well as remarkable advancements in increasing extraction yields. Maceration with alcohol, albeit an old method for extraction, is still used for the extraction of cannabinoids from plant materials.…”

Section: Extraction Of Naturally Occurring Cannabinoidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are quite a few reports on comparative studies on the use of various commonly used extraction methods for cannabinoids from plant matrices, e.g. maceration, SFE, UAE, MAE, Soxhlet extraction, and reflux heat extraction, and their extraction efficiencies 11,23,25,26 . The impact of various extraction methods and associated conditions on the extraction yields of CBD ( 3 ) and CBG ( 6 ) from the C. sativa L. ssp.…”

Section: Extraction Of Naturally Occurring Cannabinoidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Extraction of naturally occurring cannabinoids: an update

Nahar

Uddin

Alam

et al. 2020

Phytochemical Analysis

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Introduction Organic molecules that interact with the cannabinoid receptors are called cannabinoids, which can be endogenous, natural or synthetic compounds. They possess similar pharmacological properties as produced by the plant, Cannabis sativa L. Before cannabinoids can be analysed, they need to be extracted from the matrices. Objective To review literature on the methods and protocols for the extraction of naturally occurring cannabinoids. Methodology An extensive literature search was performed incorporating several databases, notably, Web of Knowledge, PubMed and Google Scholar, and other relevant published materials. The keywords used in the search, in various combinations, with cannabinoids and extraction being present in all combinations, were Cannabis, hemp, cannabinoids, Cannabis sativa, marijuana, and extraction. Results In addition to classical maceration with organic solvents, e.g. ethanol, pressurised solvent extraction, solvent heat reflux, Soxhlet extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, ultrasound‐assisted extraction and microwave‐assisted extraction, are routinely used nowadays for the extraction of cannabinoids from plant materials and cannabis consumer products. For the extraction of cannabinoids from biological samples, e.g. human blood, and also from food and beverages, and wastewater, solid‐phase extraction and its variants, as well as liquid–liquid extraction are commonly used. Parameters for extraction can be optimised by response surface methodology or other mathematical modelling tools. There are at least six US patents on extraction of cannabinoids available to date. Conclusions Irrespective of the extraction method, extraction temperature, extraction time and extraction pressure play a vital role in overall yield of extraction. Solvent polarity can also be an important factor in some extraction methods.

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Development of extraction technique and GC/FID method for the analysis of cannabinoids in Cannabis sativa L. spp. santicha (hemp)

Cited by 26 publications

References 19 publications

Assessing the bioactivity of cannabis extracts in larval zebrafish

Assessing the bioactivity of cannabis extracts in larval zebrafish

The Effects of Cannabis sativa L. Extract on Oxidative Stress Markers In Vivo

Extraction of naturally occurring cannabinoids: an update

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