Development of Electrochemical Paper‐based Glucose Sensor Using Cellulose‐4‐aminophenylboronic Acid‐modified Screen‐printed Carbon Electrode

Abstract

1IntroductionDetermination of glucose is very important, especially in the fields of healthcare,c linical, food and beverage industries [1][2].I nf ood and beverage industries,t he determination of glucosei sr equired for qualityc ontrol and fermentation processes. [ 3].I nt he clinicalf ield, glucose determinationi si mportant because high glucose levels can indicated iabetes mellitus,i nsulin deficiency and hyperglycemia [4][5].N ormal concentrations of glucose are 3.5-5.5 mM in whole blood, 2.5-5.3 mM in serum, and 0.1-5.3 mM in urine [6].A lthough conventional methodo f high performancel iquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with enzyme assays have been reported for the glucose determination, they require many steps while consuming of time,r eagents and samples.T herefore, as imple,f ast and low cost method is still needed to develop for the determinationo fglucose.Here,s everal paper-based analytical devices were developed and used as ad iagnosticd evices.S ince 2007 when Whitesides and co-workers demonstrated microfluidic devices madef rom photoresist-patterned paper or mPADs,e xtensive efforts have been placed on developing low-cost sensors with usingn aked eyesc olorimetricd etection [7][8][9].M oreover, other detectiont echniques such as absorption spectroscopy [ 10],c hemiluminescence [11][12],a nd electrochemistry [13][14][15][16][17][18]h ave been proposed to provideb etter sensitivity and selectivity.E lectrochemical detection is of particular interest when combined with a mPA Dd ue to its low cost,p ortability,h igh accuracya t low analytec oncentrations,l ow sample consumption, and the ability for miniaturization.Screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCEs) have many advantages for mPA Ds due to their low cost, ease of preparation, flexible design, and ease of modificationb yv arious chemicals for sensing applications [19][20][21][22].O nt he otherhand, abare SPCE lacks its sensitivity in trace analysis wheni ti sc ompared with am odified electrode. Electrodem odification can also reduce the effect of interferences at high over-potentials [23][24].H ence,t he type of modifying chemicals is important to investigate for each analysis.I nt his work, cellulose was chosena samodifying chemical mixed with carboni nk, which was used for fabrication of SPCEs.D ue to an etwork structure and al arge number of porous, celluloseh as al arge surface area that is suitable for improvemento fs ensitivity of electrochemicald etection.Redox mediators are interesting for electrode modification in glucose biosensors because they can enhance the Abstract:T he present work describes the fabrication of paper-based analytical devices (mPA Ds) by immobilization of glucose oxidase onto the screen printed carbon electrodes (SPCEs)f or the electrochemicalg lucose detection. Thes ensitivity towards glucosew as improved by using aS PCE prepared from homemade carboni nk mixed with cellulose acetate. In addition, 4-aminophenylboronic acid (4-APBA) was used as ar edox mediator giving al ower detectionp otentialf or improvement selectivi...

Pin-based electrochemical glucose sensor with multiplexing possibilities

“…LOD and LOQ values thus obtained were 0.03 and 0.10 mM respectively. It is interesting to remark that this simple electrochemical biosensor design using pins as electrodes shows an LOD and linear dynamic range similar, or in some cases better, than those obtained with other glucose sensors previously developed, even those employing carbon nanomaterials or nanoparticles on glassy carbon electrodes (Su et al, 2014;Ye et al, 2015): 0.01 -0.3 mM and 0.05 -1.2 mM respectively), using a combination of a paper disk with commercial screen-printed electrodes (Chandra Sekar et al, 2014;Kong et al, 2014): LOD of 0.01 and 0.1 mM respectively), or employing screen-printed electrodes based on paper (Rungsawang et al, 2015): LOD of 0.86 mM) (Table S1). …”

“…The reproducibility estimated in terms of the RSD was 7.8% (the mean value of the current was 0.83 ± 0.06 µA). Precision compares to other electrochemical devices based on paper or transparency (Dungchai et al, 2009;Rungsawang et al, 2015) (Table S1). (Table S1).…”

“…Since Whitesides group proposed paper as material for fabricating low-cost microanalytical devices (Martinez et al, 2007 many microfluidic paper-based electroanalytical devices (EµPADs) have been developed to detect a wide variety of analytes (Dungchai et al, 2009;Liu et al, 2012;Nie et al, 2010;Wu et al, 2013). Electrochemical detection owns a particular interest for µPADs due to its low cost, portability, ability for miniaturization, low sample consumption and high accuracy at low analyte concentrations (Rungsawang et al, 2015). However, the fabrication and integration of electrodes in paper-based platforms in a rapid, efficient and cost-effective way is still a challenge.…”

A Review on Microfluidic Paper-Based Analytical Devices for Glucose Detection

“…Some scientists directly printed electrodes on paper substrate instead of using commercial screen-printed electrodes [66,67,68,122,123,124]. Rungsawang et al [122] used 4-aminophenylboronic acid (4-APBA) as redox mediator to improve the selectivity of the homemade screen-printed carbon electrode due to the low detection potential and the detection limit was 0.86 mM. Määttänen et al [67] used an inkjet-printing paper-based device, whose working and counter electrodes were printed gold-stripes and a silver-stripe was printed onto an AgCl layer to form the reference electrode.…”

Screen‐printed Electrochemical Immunosensors for the Detection of Cancer and Cardiovascular Biomarkers

“…As it has been previously mentioned, the substrate used for fabricating SPEs is commonly a rigid one, but during the last years paper has become increasingly attractive as substrate for the development of electroanalytical devices. There are many examples of SPEs based on paper or transparency to detect a wide variety of analytes . There are examples too of SPEs fabricated on textiles or even skin‐worn tattoo‐based SPEs for develop wearable electrochemical devices .…”