Development of Effective Lipase-Hybrid Nanoflowers Enriched with Carbon and Magnetic Nanomaterials for Biocatalytic Transformations

Abstract

In the present study, hybrid nanoflowers (HNFs) based on copper (II) or manganese (II) ions were prepared by a simple method and used as nanosupports for the development of effective nanobiocatalysts through the immobilization of lipase B from Pseudozyma antarctica. The hybrid nanobiocatalysts were characterized by various techniques including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersion spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The effect of the addition of carbon-based nanomaterials, namely graphene oxide and carbon nanotubes, as well as magnetic nanoparticles such as maghemite, on the structure, catalytic activity, and operational stability of the hybrid nanobiocatalysts was also investigated. In all cases, the addition of nanomaterials during the preparation of HNFs increased the catalytic activity and the operational stability of the immobilized biocatalyst. Lipase-based magnetic nanoflowers were effectively applied for the synthesis of tyrosol esters in non-aqueous media, such as organic solvents, ionic liquids, and environmental friendly deep eutectic solvents. In such media, the immobilized lipase preserved almost 100% of its initial activity after eight successive catalytic cycles, indicating that these hybrid magnetic nanoflowers can be applied for the development of efficient nanobiocatalytic systems.

Green Synthesized Magnetic Nanoparticles as Effective Nanosupport for the Immobilization of Lipase: Application for the Synthesis of Lipophenols

“…The peak observed at 1632 cm −1 corresponds to stretching vibrations of C=O groups, and the peaks located at 1571, 1487 and 1413 cm −1 could be assigned to stretching vibrations of C=C and C–C aromatic groups [ 18 , 46 ]. The peak obtained at 1120 cm −1 indicates the presence of C–O–C epoxy groups and those at 608, 558, and 460 cm −1 represent typical absorption peaks of metal oxides owing to Zn–O and Fe–O bonds [ 18 , 47 , 48 ]. The incorporation of lipase generated characteristic peaks which confirm the immobilization of TLL on the surface of ZnOFe NPs.…”

“…Specifically, the peak at 1651 cm −1 clearly indicates stretching vibrations of C=O group of the peptide bond, and the weak peak at 1543 cm −1 refers to bending vibrations of N–H groups. The broad peak in the range 950–1250 cm −1 corresponds to stretching vibrations of C–N, C–O (primary and secondary alcohols), and strong bending vibrations of C-H groups [ 18 , 46 , 48 ]. The detection of the aforementioned peaks in the ZnOFe-TLL spectrum correlates with those of TLL and pristine ZnOFe nanoparticles and demonstrates that OLE acted as a chelating and capping medium, and TLL was successfully anchored on the surface of ZnOFe.…”

Nanobiocatalysts for Biodiesel Synthesis through Transesterification—A Review

“…Although the preparation methodology required for Fe 3 O 4 NMs (i.e., co-precipitation procedure) is quite facile, additional functionalization steps are required for the immobilization of the lipase enzyme on these NMs. This additional requirements of modification are attributed to the facts that bare/pure Fe 3 O 4 NMs are susceptible to air oxidative reactions, unstable under acidic conditions, and unable to develop interactions with the biological molecules owing to their hydrophobic inorganic nature [31]. Keeping in mind the above-stated shortcomings of Fe 3 O 4 NMs, numerous surface engineering techniques (most widely used grafting strategy) are utilized for making these NMs appropriate to be utilized for biological/enzymatic applications.…”

Ionic Liquids for Development of Heterogeneous Catalysts Based on Nanomaterials for Biocatalysis

“…CALB was encapsulated in the hybrid nanoflowers, consisting of copper (II) or manganese (II) ions, combined with magnetic and carbon nanoparticles. The enzyme performed great catalytic activity, stability, and reusability (eight cycles) in tyrosol ester production [ 9 ]. On the other hand, cross-linking is the method for the creation of an intermolecular cross-linkage between the enzyme particles and cross-linking agent, e.g., glutaraldehyde.…”