“…The upper, middle, and lower reaches of this basin, which stretch from northern Henan Province to southern Inner Mongolia, comprise three major river systems, namely, the Luan, Haihe, and Majia. The basin covers all of the municipalities of Beijing and Tianjin, most of Hebei Province, and parts of Shandong, Henan, Shanxi, and Liaoning provinces plus the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region 38 . Vegetation in the Haihe River Basin is mainly grasslands in Inner Mongolia, deciduous broadleaf forest in the mountainous area of North China, and warm–temperate deciduous broadleaf forest and croplands on the Haihe Plain.Figure 7Study area of the Haihe River Basin.…”
Evapotranspiration (ET) is a key variable in hydrologic cycle that directly affects the redistribution of precipitation and surface balance. ET measurements with high temporal resolution are required for coupling with models of highly dynamic processes, e.g., hydrological and land surface processes. The Haihe River Basin is the focus of China’s industrial base and it is one of the three major grain-producing regions within the country. However, this area is facing serious water resource shortages and water pollution problems. The present study used geostationary satellite remote sensing data, in situ meteorological observations, and the surface energy balance system (SEBS) model with a new kB−1 parameterization to estimate 3-hourly and daily energy and water fluxes in the Haihe River Basin. The results of the SEBS model were validated with point-scale data from five observation flux towers. Validation showed that 3-hourly and daily ET derived from the SEBS model performed well (R2 = 0.67, mean bias = 0.027 mm/h, RMSE = 0.1 mm/h). Moreover, factors influencing ET were also identified based on the results of this study. ET varies with land cover type and physical and chemical properties of the underlying surface. Furthermore, ET is also controlled by water availability, radiation, and other atmospheric conditions. It was found that ET had strong correlation with the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). Specifically, daily ET fluctuated with the NDVI when the NDVI was <0.29, and ET increased rapidly as the NDVI increased from 0.29 to 0.81. For NDVI values >0.81, indicating a state of saturation, the rate of increase of ET slowed. This research produced reliable information that could assist in sustainable management of the water resources and in improved understanding of the hydrologic cycle of the Haihe River Basin.
“…The upper, middle, and lower reaches of this basin, which stretch from northern Henan Province to southern Inner Mongolia, comprise three major river systems, namely, the Luan, Haihe, and Majia. The basin covers all of the municipalities of Beijing and Tianjin, most of Hebei Province, and parts of Shandong, Henan, Shanxi, and Liaoning provinces plus the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region 38 . Vegetation in the Haihe River Basin is mainly grasslands in Inner Mongolia, deciduous broadleaf forest in the mountainous area of North China, and warm–temperate deciduous broadleaf forest and croplands on the Haihe Plain.Figure 7Study area of the Haihe River Basin.…”
Evapotranspiration (ET) is a key variable in hydrologic cycle that directly affects the redistribution of precipitation and surface balance. ET measurements with high temporal resolution are required for coupling with models of highly dynamic processes, e.g., hydrological and land surface processes. The Haihe River Basin is the focus of China’s industrial base and it is one of the three major grain-producing regions within the country. However, this area is facing serious water resource shortages and water pollution problems. The present study used geostationary satellite remote sensing data, in situ meteorological observations, and the surface energy balance system (SEBS) model with a new kB−1 parameterization to estimate 3-hourly and daily energy and water fluxes in the Haihe River Basin. The results of the SEBS model were validated with point-scale data from five observation flux towers. Validation showed that 3-hourly and daily ET derived from the SEBS model performed well (R2 = 0.67, mean bias = 0.027 mm/h, RMSE = 0.1 mm/h). Moreover, factors influencing ET were also identified based on the results of this study. ET varies with land cover type and physical and chemical properties of the underlying surface. Furthermore, ET is also controlled by water availability, radiation, and other atmospheric conditions. It was found that ET had strong correlation with the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). Specifically, daily ET fluctuated with the NDVI when the NDVI was <0.29, and ET increased rapidly as the NDVI increased from 0.29 to 0.81. For NDVI values >0.81, indicating a state of saturation, the rate of increase of ET slowed. This research produced reliable information that could assist in sustainable management of the water resources and in improved understanding of the hydrologic cycle of the Haihe River Basin.
Integrated modeling is a critical tool to evaluate the behavior of coupled human–freshwater systems. However, models that do not consider both fast and slow processes may not accurately reflect the feedbacks that define complex systems. We evaluated current coupled human–freshwater system modeling approaches in the literature with a focus on categorizing feedback loops as including economic and/or socio-cultural processes and identifying the simulation of fast and slow processes in human and biophysical systems. Fast human and fast biophysical processes are well represented in the literature, but very few studies incorporate slow human and slow biophysical system processes. Challenges in simulating coupled human–freshwater systems can be overcome by quantifying various monetary and non-monetary ecosystem values and by using data aggregation techniques. Studies that incorporate both fast
and
slow processes have the potential to improve complex system understanding and inform more sustainable decision-making that targets effective leverage points for system change.
Electronic supplementary material
The online version of this article (10.1007/s13280-018-1136-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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