Development of Artificial Neural Network Based Metamodels for Inactivation of Anthrax Spores in Ventilated Spaces Using Computational Fluid Dynamics

Abstract

Linear, quadratic, and artificial neural network (ANN)-based metamodels were developed for predicting the extent of anthrax spore inactivation by chlorine dioxide in a ventilated three-dimensional space over time from computational fluid dynamics model (CFD) simulation data. Dimensionless groups were developed to define the design space of the problem scenario. The Hammersley sequence sampling (HSS) method was used to determine the sampling points for the numerical experiments within the design space. A CFD model, comprised of multiple submodels, was applied to conduct the numerical experiments. Large eddy simulation (LES) with the Smagorinsky subgridscale model was applied to compute the airflow. Anthrax spores were modeled as a dispersed solid phase using the Lagrangian treatment. The disinfectant transport was calculated by solving a mass transport equation. Kinetic decay constants were included for spontaneous decay of the disinfectant and for the reaction of the disinfectant with the surfaces of the three-dimensional space. To enhance the mixing of the disinfectant with the room air, a momentum source was included in the simulation. An inactivation rate equation accounted for the reaction between the spores and the disinfectant. The ANN-based metamodels were most successful in predicting the number of viable bioaerosols remaining in an arbitrary enclosed space. Sensitivity analysis showed that the mass fraction of the disinfectant, inactivation rate constant, and contact time had the most influence on the inactivation of the spores.

Causes, Factors, and Control Measures of Opportunistic Premise Plumbing Pathogens—A Critical Review

“…Microscopic water droplets created at outlets can readily evaporate to yield only small infectious particles. These particles can travel great distances (up to 3 km under extreme circumstances), having complex dispersion patterns that are a function of many variables [76,81]. Pruden et al [6] suggests that Legionella-parasitised protozoa and Legionella-containing protozoan vacuoles may be similarly released and disseminated.…”

Effectiveness of calcium hypochlorite, quaternary ammonium compounds, and sodium hypochlorite in eliminating vegetative cells and spores of Bacillus anthracis surrogate

“…Twelve cases of cutaneous anthrax and 11 cases of inhalational anthrax resulted from these attacks, and inhalation anthrax caused five deaths [3]. The U.S. Department of Justice mail facility in Landover, Maryland was contaminated with B. anthracis spores, along with numerous other sites either directly or through cross-contamination [4,5]. The U.S. Department of Justice adopted a twopronged approach to remediate the facility, specifically using aqueous chlorine dioxide to decontaminate hard, nonporous surfaces and paraformaldehyde to fumigate two pieces of mail equipment [6,7].…”