Development of analytical methods for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in airborne particulates: A review

Liu, Libin; Liu, Yan; Lin, Jin‐Ming; Tang, Ning; Hayakawa, Kazuichi; Maeda, Tsuneaki

doi:10.1016/s1001-0742(07)60001-1

Cited by 81 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 111 publications

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“…Some of these quantification methods include: thin layer chromatography (TLC), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), gas chromatography (GC), gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS), liquid chromatography (LC) or high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Detectors used with these methods include florescence, ultra violet (UV), flame ionization detector (FID), or mass spectroscopy detectors (MSD) (Liu et al, 2007a).…”

Section: Determination and Quantification Of Pahsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Partitioning of PAHs between the gaseous and particulate phases depends on the liquid vapor pressure, temperatures and particulate parameters such as size, surface area and chemical composition (Liu et al, 2007a). In the environment, a large fraction of the PAHs is found in the soils and sediments, which are the ultimate sinks, but they are also the most significant contaminants in marine environment as well as reaching the pristine areas like Arctic and Antarctica via long range transport (Yunker and Macdonald, 1995;Wang et al, 2009).…”

Section: Sources Of Pahsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An Overview: Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Emissions from the Stationary and Mobile Sources and in the Ambient Air

Cheruiyot

Lee

Mwangi

et al. 2015

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

135

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Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are a class of semi-volatile organic carbons that are emitted from both natural and anthropogenic sources therefore are ubiquitous in nature. Their main sources are both fossil and biomass fuels as well as other feedstocks used in chemical and combustion processes. Mostly the combustion processes are PAH depletion processes rather than PAH generating processes. PAHs are emitted from both stationary and mobile sources at varying levels depending on the operation conditions such as fuels, feedstock, and control devices in use as well as process parameters for example combustion temperatures.After emission from sources, the fates of PAHs in the atmosphere include partitioning between gas and particulate phases, particle size distribution, long range transport, dry and wet deposition on to water bodies, soil, vegetation and other receptor surfaces as well as resuspension from receptor surfaces back to the atmosphere. These processes are controlled by their physiochemical properties. Additionally, it is through these processes that human beings are exposed to PAHs via inhalation, ingestion and dermal contact.Dry deposition is the major process through which PAHs from the atmosphere are made available to receptor surfaces including the human respiratory system. From studies with cumulative fractions of dry deposition and size distribution for particulate PAHs, it is evident that the coarse particles are majorly responsible for the highest fraction of deposition fluxes. This is especially true for the high molecular weight PAHs, since the low molecular weight PAHs are majorly in the gas phase, which have lower dry deposition velocities. On the other hand, the highest risk for human being comes in the form of fine particles, whose mean aerodynamic diameter is below 2.5 µm. This is because the particle bound content results and particle size distributions of PAHs indicate that the fine particles have the most PAH content owing to their large surface areas and high organic carbon content. For the wet deposition of PAHs, more research is recommended for measurement of scavenging ratios of individual PAHs, since there is a scarcity of studies focusing on this issue.PAH mutagenic activity and exposure risk of humans can be estimated using the deposition rates, toxicity levels based on benzo(a)pyrene, or biomarkers such as urinary 1-hydroxypyrene. Other parameters that have been used to evaluate the risks of various exposure groups include inhalation exposure levels (IEL), incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR), and estimation of maximum consumption time (t max ). Highway toll workers, back carbon workers and food vendors in night markets are among susceptible groups identified using these biomarkers and exposure parameters.To reduce exposure to human beings, PAH emissions need to be controlled at the sources. Control and reduction of PAH emissions from various sources involves largely altering the fuel and feedstock characteristics, using air pollution control devices and/or adjustin...

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Section: Determination and Quantification Of Pahsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Sources Of Pahsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Overview: Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Emissions from the Stationary and Mobile Sources and in the Ambient Air

Cheruiyot

Lee

Mwangi

et al. 2015

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

135

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“…O monitoramento desses compostos geralmente é feito usando amostradores de baixo 21 , médio 50 ou grande volume 51 , no qual o ar é forçado por meio de bombas, passando por adsorventes e filtros, onde são retidos certos componentes da fase gasosa e as partículas em suspensão 52 .…”

Section: Amostragem E Análiseunclassified

“…Para a identificação e quantificação dos HPAs são comumente usadas as técnicas analíticas da cromatografia gasosa (CG) 63,64 e da cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE) 65 acopladas a espectrômetro de massa (MS) e a detectores de fluorescência (FLD), no ultravioleta (UV), com arranjo de diodos (DAD) e por ionização de chama (FID) 52 .…”

Section: Amostragem E Análiseunclassified

Hidrocarbonetos Policíclicos Aromáticos Atmosféricos De Fontes Automotivas: Uma Breve Revisão

Azevedo

Araújo

Marinho

2013

HOLOS

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RESUMOA ocorrência de hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos (HPAs) no ambiente tem se tornado preocupante, por eles serem abundantes e possíveis carcinógenos humanos. HPAs e seus derivados são produzidos pela combustão incompleta da matéria orgânica, sendo a queima de combustíveis fósseis uma das principais fontes desses poluentes no meio ambiente. As concentrações de HPAs aumentam significativamente em ambientes urbanos e são influenciadas principalmente pelas emissões veiculares. Os HPAs em fase gasosa são encontrados a baixos níveis no ar atmosférico, apresentando-se comumente associado às partículas finas em suspensão. Esta revisão descreve os HPAs, provenientes de emissões veiculares, quanto as suas características de amostragem e análise, identificação, legislação e saúde ambiental. Oportunamente, alguns países propõem limites de concentração não obrigatórios para os HPAs, porém muitos estudos relacionados à exposição a estes compostos mostram que estes poluentes devem ser prioritários quando se considera a qualidade do ar e o risco à saúde humana. PALAVRAS-CHAVE:HPAs, fontes móveis, material particulado, amostragem, legislação e saúde.

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“…Incomplete desorption of heavier analytes, may however counteract this, and the method is not suitable for analytes of low thermal stability [9]. Readers are referred to review articles on analytical methods for PAHs in airborne particulates and in air for more information on the various techniques available and their advantages and disadvantages [11], [12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monitoring of atmospheric gaseous and particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in South African platinum mines utilising portable denuder sampling with analysis by thermal desorption–comprehensive gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

Geldenhuys

Rohwer

Naude

et al. 2015

Journal of Chromatography A

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Concentrations of diesel particulate matter and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in platinum mine environments are likely to be higher than in ambient air due to the use of diesel machinery in confined environments. Airborne PAHs may be present in gaseous or particle phases each of which has different human health impacts due to their ultimate fate in the body. Here we report on the simultaneous sampling of both phases of airborne PAHs for the first time in underground platinum mines in South Africa, which was made possible by employing small, portable denuder sampling devices consisting of two polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) multichannel traps connected in series separated by a quartz fibre filter, which only require small, battery operated portable personal sampling pumps for air sampling. Thermal desorption coupled with comprehensive gas chromatography -mass spectrometry (TD-GCxGC-TofMS) was used to analyse denuder samples taken in three different platinum mines. The samples from a range of underground environments revealed that PAHs were predominantly found in the gas phase with naphthalene and mono-methylated naphthalene derivatives being detected at the highest concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 18 g m -3 . The particle bound PAHs were found in the highest concentrations at the idling load haul dump vehicle exhausts with a dominance of fluoranthene and pyrene. Particle associated PAH concentrations ranged from 0.47 to 260 ng m -3 and included benzo[k]fluoranthene, benzo[a]pyrene, indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene and benzo [ghi]perylene. This work highlights the need to characterise both phases in order to assess occupational exposure to PAHs in this challenging sampling environment.

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Development of analytical methods for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in airborne particulates: A review

Cited by 81 publications

References 111 publications

An Overview: Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Emissions from the Stationary and Mobile Sources and in the Ambient Air

An Overview: Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Emissions from the Stationary and Mobile Sources and in the Ambient Air

Hidrocarbonetos Policíclicos Aromáticos Atmosféricos De Fontes Automotivas: Uma Breve Revisão

Monitoring of atmospheric gaseous and particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in South African platinum mines utilising portable denuder sampling with analysis by thermal desorption–comprehensive gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

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