Development of an on-Site Detection Method for Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents

Detection performance of a portable ion mobility spectrometer with 63Ni radioactive ionization for chemical warfare agents

“…We previously evaluated the performance of commercially available portable CWA detectors [6,[19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30]. These included the Draeger safety gas detection tubes [24], an arrayed surface acoustic wave detector [25], a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer [26], and IMS instruments using 241 Am ionization, namely, aspiration-type detectors M90 D-1 [27], M90 D1-C [28], and ChemPro100 [29] (each manufactured by Environics Oy, Mikkeli, Finland), as well as corona discharge ionization, ammonia dopant-type detector LCD 3.2E (Smiths Detection; Pine Brook, NJ, USA) [30].…”

Analysis of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Using Desorption Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Coupled to a Portable Mass Spectrometer

“…The PAHs are known to be toxic [1], carcinogenic [2][3][4], as well as mutagenic [5]. Analytical methods that are capable of monitoring and identifying such hazardous compounds are, therefore, highly desirable [6,7]. Ex-situ methods based on solid-phase extraction [8,9] followed by gas chromatography (GC) or liquid chromatography (LC) mass spectrometry (MS) [10][11][12][13][14] are the most widely adopted methods for both quantitative and quantitative analysis of PAHs.…”

Identification of chemical warfare agents from vapor samples using a field-portable capillary gas chromatography/membrane-interfaced electron ionization quadrupole mass spectrometry instrument with Tri-Bed concentrator

“…Several types of on-site equipment for detecting different agents and with varied sensitivity, accuracy, and detection performance are being used by military forces, police mobile teams, coast guards, and fire defense teams [11,12]. We have previously evaluated several commercially available on-site detection systems [13][14][15][16][17][18][19], such as handheld gas detection tubes [20], ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) instruments [21][22][23][24][25][26], and arrayed surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensors [27]. In addition, we have developed new field-deployable detection equipment such as an amperometric sensor for HD detection [28], an atmospheric pressure counter-flow chemical ionization ion trap mass spectrometer (MS) for the detection of a wide range of CWAs [29][30][31], an electron cyclotron resonance ion source MS instrument for the detection of blood agents, choking agents, and blister agents [32,33], and a low temperature plasma ionization MS technology against nonvolatile CWAs [34].…”