Development of an ionic liquid-based ultrasonic-assisted liquid–liquid microextraction method for sensitive determination of biogenic amines: Application to the analysis of octopamine, tyramine and phenethylamine in beer samples

A novel dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME) gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) method for the determination of eighteen biogenic amines in beer

“…Different values were found in a previous work from our group in which histamine levels ranged from 0.03 to 0.143 mg L À1 . On the other hand, the determined levels were slightly lower than those observed by other authors that reported the presence of histamine in all the samples analyzed with levels ranging from 0.30 to 1.20 mg L À1 (Izquierdo-Pulido, VidalCarou, & Mariné-Font, 1989), from 0.63 to 5.80 mg L À1 (IzquierdoPulido et al, 1996), from 0.48 to 2.11 mg L À1 (Zotou et al, 2003) or from 0.10 to 0.62 mg L À1 (Cortacero-Ramírez et al, 2007). These differences could be related with microbial contamination during brewing.…”

“…Despite controversy over exposure levels, no official limits have been set for histamine or tyramine concentrations in beers. According to a recommended guideline, 6 mg of tyramine ingestion within a 4 h period is considered a safe amount for beers (Izquierdo-Pulido, Hernández-Jover, Mariné-Font, & Carmen Vidal-Carou, 1996).…”

“…However, these liquideliquid procedures are generally time-consuming and require large amounts of solvents. To overcome these problems, alternative methods have been applied, such as solid-phase extraction (Gianotti et al, 2008;Gosetti, Mazzucco, Gianotti, Polati, & Gennaro, 2007;Zotou, Loukou, Soufleros, & Stratis, 2003), solid-phase microextraction (Awan, Fleet, & Thomas, 2008), hollow fibre liquid-phase microextraction (Saaid et al, 2009) or more recently dispersive liquideliquid microextraction (DLLME) (Huang et al, 2011). Among these, the most simple, rapid and environmental friendly approach seems to be the DLLME procedure, as Cunha, Fernandes, and Oliveira (2011, chp 1) explains in a comprehensive review.…”

“…Recently, Huang et al (2011) associated the ultrasound-assisted DLLME extraction (UDLLME) with HPLC for the determination of some biogenic amines (octopamine, tyramine and 2-phenylethylamine) in beers, but their method includes a preextraction and a lengthy pre-derivatization step before UDLLME procedure. From the viewpoint of laboratory efficiency (time and consumables) it is desirable to invest in sample preparations that involve simultaneously performed extraction and derivatization operations.…”

Ultrasound‐assisted temperature‐controlled ionic liquid dispersive liquid‐phase microextraction combined with reversed‐phase liquid chromatography for determination of organophosphorus pesticides in water samples

“…Therefore, the targeted OPPs were 6 was selected for further studies of OPPs. In these studies, the extraction recovery percent (R%) was calculated from the equation [25]:…”