Development of an early warning system for shallow landslide hazard in the Grasberg area, Indonesia

Abstract

In the middle of the 20th century, one of the largest open pit mining facilities in the world was established at Grasberg on top of the main Papuan ridge. In time, this expanded to become the most notable man-made landscape feature on the entire island. Mining operations are supported by a large array of workshops and facilities, scattered from the top of the mountain down to the seashore. They include large camps and mining villages hosting the workforce and their families.In this work, we present the results of a project to help mining company staff define triggers for an early warning system (EWS) for shallow landslides using meteorological forecasts and rain gauge measurements. This would help to mitigate the risk for the Grasberg mine and surrounding valleys of sudden detachment, routing and runout of shallow landslides.To achieve such a scope, the work has been split into three main tasks: Definition of rainfall thresholds for the initiation of shallow landslides in the broader Grasberg area based on cumulative rainfall thresholds (CRT) and intensity-duration thresholds (IDT).Development of a hazard map for shallow landslides, including predictions of initial location, runout and volumes of sediment involved using a state-of-the-art machine learning multivariate statistical analysis tool called Random Forests (RF).Setup of an EWS based on the rainfall thresholds and support for the implementation of the operational chain of risk mitigation routine procedures already in place.

Remote Sensing Applications for Landslide Monitoring and Investigation in Western Canada

“…In this regard, remote sensing technologies have continued to develop to the point where they are becoming routine practice as part of landslide hazard and risk assessments and management. These include ground-based and airborne (from manned and unmanned aircrafts) photogrammetry, laser scanning, and satellite and ground-based radar interferometry [21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28]. This manuscript takes advantage of case studies from the authors' experience to illustrate the role of remote sensing approaches for implementing the systematic landslide risk management framework that has been widely adopted by industry [8][9][10]58].…”

“…In this regard, remote sensing technologies have continued to develop to the point where they are becoming routine practice for landslide monitoring and for landslide investigation as part of the hazard analysis in Figure 1 [16]. These include ground-based and airborne (from manned and unmanned aircrafts) photogrammetry, laser scanning, and satellite and ground-based radar interferometry [17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28].…”

A geotechnical evaluation of the Cumba Pit Slope Failure, Dominican Republic

“…In the last 10 to 15 years, technological, computing and software advances have enabled reliable, near-real time deformation monitoring using real and synthetic aperture radar techniques now capable of providing updates every minute across an entire slope [5][6][7]. Further, satellite-based interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) has enabled a review of historic deformations and provides site-wide IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1124/1/012009 2 monitoring coverage on as frequent as weekly [8][9]. These radar techniques have significantly changed safety risk management and are part of 'big data' digital transformation, which also includes:…”

Preliminary Forecasting of Rainfall-Induced Shallow Landslides in the Wildfire Burned Areas of Western Greece

“…Several studies on the temporal forecasting of landslides [46][47][48] often aim to create landslide warning systems, usually through real-time monitoring of rainfall data [49][50][51][52][53][54]. Rainfall thresholds can be fundamental elements for the implementation of landslide forecasting and monitoring.…”