Development of an Agricultural Job-Exposure Matrix for British Columbia, Canada

Abstract

Farmers in British Columbia (BC), Canada have been shown to have unexplained elevated proportional mortality rates for several cancers. Because agricultural exposures have never been documented systematically in BC, a quantitative agricultural Job-exposure matrix (JEM) was developed containing exposure assessments from 1950 to 1998. This JEM was developed to document historical exposures and to facilitate future epidemiological studies. Available information regarding BC farming practices was compiled and checklists of potential exposures were produced for each crop. Exposures identified included chemical, biological, and physical agents. Interviews with farmers and agricultural experts were conducted using the checklists as a starting point. This allowed the creation of an initial or 'potential' JEM based on three axes: exposure agent, 'type of work' and time. The 'type of work' axis was determined by combining several variables: region, crop, job title and task. This allowed for a complete description of exposures. Exposure assessments were made quantitatively, where data allowed, or by a dichotomous variable (exposed/unexposed). Quantitative calculations were divided into re-entry and application scenarios. 'Re-entry' exposures were quantified using a standard exposure model with some modification while application exposure estimates were derived using data from the North American Pesticide Handlers Exposure Database (PHED). As expected, exposures differed between crops and job titles both quantitatively and qualitatively. Of the 290 agents included in the exposure axis; 180 were pesticides. Over 3000 estimates of exposure were conducted; 50% of these were quantitative. Each quantitative estimate was at the daily absorbed dose level. Exposure estimates were then rated as high, medium, or low based on comparing them with their respective oral chemical reference dose (RfD) or Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI). This data was mainly obtained from the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Integrated Risk Information System database. Of the quantitative estimates, 74% were rated as low (< 100%) and only 10% were rated as high (>500%). The JEM resulting from this study fills a void concerning exposures for BC farmers and farm workers. While only limited validation of assessments were possible, this JEM can serve as a benchmark for future studies. Preliminary analysis at the BC Cancer Agency (BCCA) using the JEM with prostate cancer records from a large cancer and occupation study/survey has already shown promising results. Development of this JEM provides a useful model for developing historical quantitative exposure estimates where is very little documented information available.

Health Effects of Chronic Pesticide Exposure: Cancer and Neurotoxicity

“…Job exposure matrices (JEMs) have been employed to assess pesticide exposure in occupational settings, particularly in case-control studies (9,156,169,184,261,284,287,305). JEMs incorporate information on job title, tasks, and industry to estimate exposure intensity in a population.…”

“…Some JEMs use limited monitoring data to assign pesticide exposure based on job title and task, whereas others are based on region-specific job activities with exposure measurements collected among the populations studied. Specific agricultural JEMs have been developed for at least three different agricultural populations: South African farmworkers, rural Italians, and agricultural workers in British Columbia (184,261,305).…”

Use of job-exposure matrices to estimate occupational exposure to pesticides: A review

“…Nine publications reported the development of eight matrices specific to the agricultural industry in the 1990s and 2000s (Table 3). Three matrices were developed in Italy, [80][81][82] one in Canada, 83,84 one in France, 85 one in South Africa, 86 one in Scotland 87 and one in the USA. 88 Agricultural populations were specifically targeted by these matrices.…”

“…88 Agricultural populations were specifically targeted by these matrices. Five matrices [83][84][85][86][87][88] considered specific tasks like spraying, mixing and tractor-driving, but the three Italian matrices [80][81][82] were based on jobs (farm-working or working in agriculture). Three matrices studied occupational pesticide exposure during re-entry tasks.…”

Spatial Modeling of Personalized Exposure Dynamics: The Case of Pesticide Use in Small-Scale Agricultural Production Landscapes of the Developing World

“…Individual patterns of movement and activity performed during the day are defined to simulate individual spatial activity after methods described in other studies [27,28,30,31,53,55,56] (Figure 3). We defined individual weights for specific activities performed as well as safety conditions [45] for these activities.…”