Development of air assisted liquid phase microextraction based on switchable-hydrophilicity solvent for the determination of palladium in environmental samples

A green and fast analytical method for the determination of l‐methionine in human plasma is presented in this study. Preconcentration of the analyte was carried out by switchable solvent liquid phase microextraction after ethyl chloroformate derivatization reaction. Instrumental detection of the analyte was performed by means of gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. N,N‐Dimethyl benzylamine was used in the synthesis of switchable solvent. Protonated N,N‐dimethyl benzylamine volume, volume/concentration of sodium hydroxide, and vortex period were meticulously fixed to their optimum values. Besides, ethyl chloroformate, pyridine, and ethanol volumes were optimized in order to get high derivatization yield. After the optimization studies, limit of detection and quantitation values were attained as 3.30 and 11.0 ng/g, respectively, by the developed switchable solvent liquid phase microextraction gas chromatography–mass spectrometry method that corresponding to 76.7‐folds enhancement in detection power of the gas chromatography–mass spectrometry system. Applicability and accuracy of the switchable solvent liquid phase microextraction–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry method were also checked by spiking experiments. Percent recovery results were ranged from 97.8 to 100.5% showing that human plasma samples could be analyzed for its l‐methionine level by the proposed method.

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“…The synthesized mixture was protected with an aluminum foil cover and kept at 4.0°C. In general, the synthesis can be summarized as follows :

N {normalR}_{3} + {normalH}_{2} O + C {normalO}_{2} ⇌ N {normalR}_{3} {normalH}^{+} + HC {O_{3}}^{-}

N {normalR}_{3} {normalH}^{+} + O {normalH}^{-} ⇌ N {normalR}_{3} + {normalH}_{2} O

…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The last mixture was a hydrophilic form of DMBA that is also called protonated DMBA. The synthesized mixture was protected with an aluminum foil cover and kept at 4.0 • C. In general, the synthesis can be summarized as follows [45]:…”

Section: Preparation Of Switchable Solventmentioning

confidence: 99%

Combination of ultrasound‐assisted ethyl chloroformate derivatization and switchable solvent liquid‐phase microextraction for the sensitive determination of l‐methionine in human plasma by GC–MS

Erarpat

Bodur

et al. 2020

J of Separation Science

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“…In 2005, a new generation of solvents, known as “switchable solvents” and introduced by Jessop and co‐workers , has received attention in both academia and industrial applications . The solvent is generally composed of secondary/tertiary amines and medium‐chain fatty acids . In normal condition, the solvent is nonionic form and hardly soluble in water.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…as well as the separation difficulty between sample solution and extractant. The new microextraction procedure coupled with analytical techniques has been used to determine polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, metal ion, herbicide, and steroid hormones in environmental or biological samples . However, there was little report on the enrichment, concentration and quantification of active constituents in complex TCM sample.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sodium dodecyl sulfate sensitized switchable solvent liquid‐phase microextraction for the preconcentration of protoberberine alkaloids in Rhizoma coptidis

Xue

Chen

et al. 2018

J of Separation Science

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A sodium dodecyl sulfate sensitized switchable solvent liquid-phase microextraction method was developed and applied to the preconcentration of active alkaloids in Rhizoma coptidis followed by high performance liquid chromatography determination. Before extraction, nonionic triethylamine was converted to its cationic form in the presence of carbon dioxide. Then, the ionic solvent carrying target analytes was once more reverted to its nonionic form by adding sodium hydroxide, as well as phase separation and analytes enrichment were realized simultaneously. Several parameters affecting the approach, such as concentration of sodium dodecyl sulfate, extraction solvent volume, sodium hydroxide concentration, sample phase pH, injection solvent type, and extraction time, were investigated and optimized. The possible microextraction mechanism of double micelle supramolecular inclusion was explored. Under the optimum conditions, the enrichment factors of four protoberberine alkaloids were from 101.8 to 152.0. The linear ranges (with r ≥ 0.990) were 0.032-4.23, 0.031-4.33, 0.0026-10.04, and 0.0013-4.13 μg/mL for epiberberine, coptisine, palmatine, and berberine, respectively. The detection limits were in the range of 0.16-0.32 ng/mL. Satisfactory accuracies (recoveries 98.8-104.6%) and precisions (RSDs 1.9-10.9%) were also obtained. The results showed that the approach is rapid, effective, eco-friendly, and easy-to-handle for the enrichment and detection of active alkaloids in Rhizoma coptidis.

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“…8 Recently, an air-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction method (AALLME) as a new version of DLLME was developed for extraction and preconcentration of some compounds in aqueous samples. [9][10][11] In this method, a solvent-coated bubble is used to contact organic and aqueous phases. Aeration causes the extraction solvent to form a thin layer on bubbles and thus results in an increase in the contact area between the two phases.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In Tube Ultrasonic and Air Assisted Liquid-Liquid Microextraction-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Determination: a Novel Method for the Determination of Phthalate Esters in Aqueous Samples

Farahani

Ramezani

Hassan

et al. 2016

J. Braz. Chem. Soc.

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In this study, a highly sensitive and reliable microextraction method, known as in tube ultrasonic and air assisted liquid-liquid microextraction (IT-UAA-LLME), was developed for the preconcentration of some phthalate esters, such as dimethyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate (DEP), di-butyl-phthalate (DBP), bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (BEHP), butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), and di n-octyl-phthalate (DNOP), prior to their determination using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In this technique, the extraction solvent was dispersed into the aqueous sample solution using an ultrasonic bath. The effects of solvent type, aeration time and salt concentration were investigated. After extraction, an organic solvent was injected into the GC-MS instrument for quantification. Under optimum conditions, the enrichment factors ranged from 100 to 330. The calibration curves showed good linearity (r 2 > 0.99) and limit of detections were obtained in the range of 0.1-2.1 ng mL -1 in the working concentration ranges. The method was successfully applied for determination of six phthalate esters in real samples with complex matrices with relative standard deviation less than 8%, recovery 88-112% and thus, satisfactory results were obtained.

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Development of air assisted liquid phase microextraction based on switchable-hydrophilicity solvent for the determination of palladium in environmental samples

Cited by 73 publications

References 41 publications

Combination of ultrasound‐assisted ethyl chloroformate derivatization and switchable solvent liquid‐phase microextraction for the sensitive determination of l‐methionine in human plasma by GC–MS

Combination of ultrasound‐assisted ethyl chloroformate derivatization and switchable solvent liquid‐phase microextraction for the sensitive determination of l‐methionine in human plasma by GC–MS

Sodium dodecyl sulfate sensitized switchable solvent liquid‐phase microextraction for the preconcentration of protoberberine alkaloids in Rhizoma coptidis

In Tube Ultrasonic and Air Assisted Liquid-Liquid Microextraction-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Determination: a Novel Method for the Determination of Phthalate Esters in Aqueous Samples

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