Development of a standardized method for comparing fluoride ingested from toothpaste by 1.5‐3.5‐year‐old children in seven European countries. Part 2: Ingestion results

Cochran, Judith; Ketley, Clare E.; Duckworth, R; Loveren, C. van; Holbrook, W. P.; Seppä, Liisa; Sanches, Leonor; Polychronopoulou, Argy; O'Mullane, D

doi:10.1111/j.1600-0528.2004.00139.x

Cited by 41 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…There is a high correlation between the child's age, fl uoride concentration in toothpaste and the risk of developing dental fl uorosis [Cochran et al, 2004]. This has led to recommendations to minimize excessive fl uoride ingestion after toothbrushing, by using a small amount of toothpaste or by using a product with low fl uoride concentration.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In vitro Evaluation of Acidified Toothpastes with Low Fluoride Content

et al. 2006

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Fluoride toothpastes are a risk factor for the development of dental fluorosis. Products with low fluoride content offer a higher security, but their effectiveness must be proven. The aim of this in vitro study was to compare two acidified toothpastes with low fluoride concentration (412 and 550 µg F/g) with neutral toothpastes. Bovine enamel blocks were selected by surface microhardness (SMH) and randomized to twelve groups of 13, according to the fluoride concentration in toothpaste (placebo, 275, 412, 550 or 1,100 µg F/g) and pH (7.0 or 5.5). Two commercially available toothpastes were also studied: a 1,100-µg F/g, pH 7.0 paste (positive control) and a children’s paste (500 µg F/g, pH 7.0). The blocks were subjected to pH cycling for 7 days. The toothpaste treatment was done twice daily. Surface and cross-sectional microhardnesses were assessed to calculate the percentage change of SMH (%SMH) and the mineral loss (ΔZ). The amount of fluoride, calcium and phosphorus in the solutions after the pH cycling was also analyzed. Compared to neutral toothpastes, the acidified toothpastes reduced the %SMH in all F concentrations. Higher F and lower Ca and P concentrations were found in solutions for the acidified toothpastes. Regarding ΔZ, only the positive control, 1,100-µg F/g (acidified and neutral) groups were not statistically different. The acidified toothpastes showed a dose-response relationship with all variables. For the low-fluoride toothpastes evaluated, only the 550-µg F/g acidified paste had the same anticariogenic action as the 1,100-µg F/g neutral paste.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In vitro Evaluation of Acidified Toothpastes with Low Fluoride Content

et al. 2006

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“…In this context, fluoride ingestion through swallowing toothpaste plays a decisive part. Children aged 1.5-2.5 swallow an average of 64.3-83.9% of the fluoride in toothpaste [Cochran et al, 2004b]. Bottenberg et al [2004] showed that brushing twice or more per day significantly increases the risk of developing fluorosis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Dental Fluorosis in German Schoolchildren in Areas with Different Preventive Programmes

Momeni

Neuhäuser²,

Renner³

et al. 2007

Caries Res

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In a retrospective study in two different regions of Germany, 1,041 fifteen-year-old pupils were examined for dental fluorosis. The adolescents had taken part in different caries prevention programmes. There were 746 subjects in the study group and 295 subjects in the control group. For each participant, specific aspects of early development, diet and fluoride exposure in group prevention programmes and at home were determined by means of questionnaires. The Thylstrup-Fejerskov index was used to classify the fluorosis scores on the buccal surfaces of teeth 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 and 16 after compressed air drying of the teeth. Binary logistic stepwise regression analyses were conducted to identify associations between fluorosis and potential influence factors. A distinction was made between early and late developing tooth parts. The significance level was set at α = 0.05. Fluorosis prevalence in the regions studied was 7.1 and 11.3%, respectively. The difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.052; chi square). Binary logistic stepwise regression analysis revealed that ‘early start of toothbrushing’ was a statistically significant predictor of dental fluorosis in the early-mineralizing enamel (OR = 1.99, p = 0.027). For the late-mineralizing enamel no single independent variable was identified as a significant predictor of dental fluorosis.

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“…Children from Iowa were 0-36 months old, while children from the present study were from the same age (19-38 months). Studies evaluating only the dose obtained from the use of fluoridated dentifrice reported that 9.9% of European children [Arnadottir et al, 2004;Cochran et al, 2004d] and 19.5% of Brazilian children [Oliveira et al, 2007] are exposed to the dose limit of 0.05-0.07 mg F/kg body weight. The European study was conducted in seven countries, only one of which had a fluoridated water supply.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prospective Study of the Association between Fluoride Intake and Dental Fluorosis in Permanent Teeth

et al. 2008

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Objective: To evaluate the relationship between fluoride intake and dental fluorosis in permanent central incisors and first molars. Methods: Fluoride intake (mg F/kg body weight/day) from diet, dentifrice and both combined was determined on a single occasion in 1998 among children aged 19–39 months living in two fluoridated Brazilian communities (0.6–0.8 ppm F). Six years later, when the permanent teeth of these children had erupted (central incisors and first molars), 49 children aged 7–9 years [20 girls (40.8%) and 29 boys (58.2%)] were evaluated for dental fluorosis. To test the association between fluorosis and fluoride intake, children were dichotomized into two groups, cases (children with dental fluorosis on at least two teeth, TFI ≧1) and noncases (children without dental fluorosis, TFI = 0). Results: Among the case group (n = 29), median fluoride doses from diet, dentifrice and combined were 0.031, 0.050 and 0.083 mg F/kg/day, respectively. Among the noncase group (n = 20), median fluoride doses were 0.029, 0.049, 0.084 mg F/kg/day, respectively. There was no association between dental fluorosis in permanent teeth and fluoride intake from diet, dentifrice and combined (p > 0.05). Conclusions: There was no difference between children with and without fluorosis in the permanent central incisors and first molars regarding fluoride intake. However, this study has limitations that must be recognized: fluoride intake was only measured once, and there were no children in the sample with severe degrees of dental fluorosis.

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Development of a standardized method for comparing fluoride ingested from toothpaste by 1.5‐3.5‐year‐old children in seven European countries. Part 2: Ingestion results

Cited by 41 publications

References 22 publications

In vitro Evaluation of Acidified Toothpastes with Low Fluoride Content

In vitro Evaluation of Acidified Toothpastes with Low Fluoride Content

Prevalence of Dental Fluorosis in German Schoolchildren in Areas with Different Preventive Programmes

Prospective Study of the Association between Fluoride Intake and Dental Fluorosis in Permanent Teeth

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