Development of a portable grazing exit X-ray fluorescence system using a gold anode X-ray tube

2020 atomic spectrometry update – a review of advances in X-ray fluorescence spectrometry and its special applications

“…A Kr contaminant was present predominantly on the surface of the carbon layers. A portable low-power (4 W) GE-XRF spectrometry instrument provided 62 impressive LODs of 4–300 ng. The instrument was comprised of a low-power X-ray tube (gold anode), a SiPIN detector, a quartz reflector and an X–Y table with a rotary stage for sample positioning.…”

Grazing Emission X‐Ray Fluorescence: Novel Concepts and Applications for Nano‐Analytics

“…[ 24 ] The authors measured and compared the angular profiles of a polycrystalline germanium sample in GEXRF and GIXRF geometry and concluded their equivalency, theoretically explained by the principle of microscopic reversibility. In the 1990s, most work in the field of GEXRF was done using a high power ( kW) Rh [ 27,37,49,50 ] or Mo [ 51–54 ] anode X‐ray tube, and only later, a few publications show the feasibility of more compact low power ( kW) X‐ray tubes, [ 55,56 ] sometimes combined with polycapillary lenses. [ 38,53,57 ] Clearly, at the cost of simplicity, the high‐power tubes allow for much more flux on the sample taking full advantage of the low brilliance necessary in the excitation channel (see Figure 3 ).…”

“…Trace analysis with X‐ray excitation was also carried out with energy‐dispersive detectors in compact spectrometers, but only a few proof‐of‐principle studies on 10 μm Ga solutions [ 55 ] and certified bovine liver [ 56 ] are published. Substrates with a periodic structure were proposed to enhance the sensitivity.…”