Development of a Mitochondrially Targeted Probe Based on Polyethyleneimine‐(3‐carboxypropyl) Triphenylphosphine‐Modified Quantum Dots for Fluorescence Imaging

Abstract

Quantum dots (QDs) are semiconductor particles of a few nanometers in size that have unique optical and electronic properties. These properties include stable high‐intensity fluorescence and strong resistance to light bleaching, making them attractive as imaging agents. Mitochondria play many extremely important roles in cells. During apoptosis, several characteristics of mitochondria change that are exploited using fluorescent imaging probing including QDs. Herein, a mitochondria‐targetable fluorescence probe (CdSe/ZnS@PEI‐TPP) based on QDs is developed by covalently binding low‐molecular‐weight polyethyleneimine (PEI)‐modified CdSe/ZnS QDs with the small molecule (3‐carboxypropyl) triphenylphosphine (TPP). CdSe/ZnS@PEI‐TPP QDs have excellent optical emission properties. The ultraviolet and visible spectrophotometry (UV–vis) and fluorescence spectra of QDs show that TPP is successfully integrated into the QD structure. Cell proliferation measurements from 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assays demonstrate that the modified QDs are less cytotoxic. The modified QDs show high fluorescence in cancer cells in vitro. These data demonstrate that CdSe/ZnS@PEI‐TPP QDs successfully target mitochondria and are used as fluorescence imaging probes.

Triphenylphosphonium-Functionalized Gold Nanorod/Zinc Oxide Core–Shell Nanocomposites for Mitochondrial-Targeted Phototherapy

“…CTPP-GNR@ZnO core–shell nanocomposites located in the cytoplasm co-localized with the mitochondria, confirming that CTPP-GNR@ZnO core–shell nanocomposites can specifically target the mitochondria in CT-26 cells. The red fluorescence of the CTPP-GNR@ZnO core–shell nanocomposites also coincided with the green fluorescence of MitoTracker green, once again confirming that the CTPP-GNR@ZnO core–shell nanocomposites can effectively target the mitochondria in CT-26 cells [ 36 ].…”

“…3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) is an effective salinization coupling agent that was successfully conjugated onto the surface of GNR@ZnO core–shell nanocomposites to form aminated GNR@ZnO-APTES [ 35 ]. Mitochondria play an essential role in cells that undergo various changes during apoptosis [ 36 ]. Therefore, mitochondrial targeting has emerged as a popular supplementary technique for enhancing the therapeutic efficacy in cancer treatment [ 37 ].…”