Development of a Method Based on Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents for Extraction of Flavonoids from Food Samples

Abstract

Natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) are promising green solvents for the extraction of compounds from natural products. This is the first study to use a sample preparation method based on NADES for the extraction of flavonoids (rutin, hesperidin, neohesperidin, naringenin, naringin, quercetin, hesperetin, and chrysin) from fruits, vegetables, and spices. In total, 17 types of NADES based on choline chloride, acetylcholine chloride, choline tartrate, betaine, and carnitine with different compositions were tailored to test their extraction efficiency. Operational conditions such as water content in NADES and liquid/solid ratios were also studied. A response surface methodology was used for multivariate optimization of some extraction parameters. Efficient recovery of extracted flavonoids (higher than 70%) was achieved using a 30% water solution of acetylcholine chloride/lactic acid ratio (2:1) as an extraction solvent. Other conditions for SLE-NADES were as follows: liquid/solid ratio 3:1, extraction temperature 60°C, extraction time 30 min, and stirring speed 1400 rpm. Each extract was analyzed by UHPLC with UVand MS/ MS detection. The developed method was applied for analysis of flavonoids in fruits (cranberry, fruits of Lycium barbarum L., grape, plum, and orange peel), vegetables (onion and broccoli), and spices (mustard, rosemary, and black pepper).

Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction Using a Betaine-Based Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent for Resveratrol Extraction From Melinjo (Gnetum Gnemon) Seeds

“…The NADES solvent used was a betaine base with combinations of four components; betaine: urea (1:1) [9,12,14], betaine: lactic acid (1:1) [12,15], and betaine: malic acid (1:1) [9,12]. There are three methods of preparation of NADES solvents, comprising heating and stirring methods, evaporation methods, and freeze-drying methods [16].…”

Polyphenols: A concise overview on the chemistry, occurrence, and human health

“…The work of Brahmachari () describes more than 160 naturally occurring flavanones that belong to 36 plant families. Flavanones are present in vegetables, that is, tomato, potato (Durazzo et al, ), spices, that is, rosemary and peppermint (Bajkacz & Adamek, ), and particularly in fruits, that is, lemon, orange, strawberry, raspberry, and plum (W. Cao et al, ; Pavlović et al, ; Sablani et al, ). Khan, Huma, and Dangles () showed that hesperetin (Figure a) and its derivatives are characteristic flavanones of sweet orange, tangelo, lemon, and lime, whereas naringenin (Figure b) and its derivatives are peculiar of grapefruit and sour orange.…”

Green Extraction Methods for Active Compounds from Food Waste—Cocoa Bean Shell

“…The increased DPPH activity can be attributed to the higher amount of antioxidants in the extracts. Bajkacz et al [44] stated that the increase in water content (more than 10%) in DES increased the flavonoid recovery from food samples. According to them, the best yields were obtained with 30% water content, while the further increase up to 75% decreased the flavonoid content.…”