Development of a functionalized polymeric ionic liquid monolith for solid-phase microextraction of polar endocrine disrupting chemicals in aqueous samples coupled to high-performance liquid chromatography

Abstract

Ionic liquids (ILs) have been efficiently used as a "designer sorbent" in sample preparation. A novel 1-(3-aminopropyl)-3-(4-vinylbenzyl)imidazolium 4-styrenesulfonate IL monomer was synthesized and copolymerized with 1,6-di(3-vinylimidazolium) hexane bishexafluorophosphate IL as cross-linking agent to prepare a cross-linked polymeric ionic liquids (PILs) monolith. Coupled to high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), the PILs monolith was used as a solid-phase microextraction (SPME) sorbent to extract some polar endocrine disrupting chemical (EDCs) such as estrogens, bisphenol A, and phthalate esters in aqueous samples. Preparation and extraction conditions were investigated and optimized to obtain satisfactory extraction efficiency. Limits of detection (LODs) of the proposed method for three steroid estrogens and bisphenol A were 0.25 and 0.2 μg L(-1), respectively, which were lower than or comparable to some other sample preparation methods. Intra- and inter-day repeatability for all the analytes was 2.2-12%. The monolith-to-monolith repeatability was 7.4-15%. The extraction performance of the method for analysis of target estrogens in treated domestic wastewater was investigated and compared with a dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) method. The proposed SPME method provided better sensitivity and higher resistance to matrix interferences.

Utilization of highly robust and selective crosslinked polymeric ionic liquid-based sorbent coatings in direct-immersion solid-phase microextraction and high-performance liquid chromatography for determining polar organic pollutants in waters

“…Few studies have described the use of PIL-based SPME with HPLC. Among them, the use of functionalized PIL monolithic sorbent materials onto hollow-fiber supports of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) [29] or polythene (PE) [30] has been reported. Furthermore, the use of multiple monolithic SPME fibers based on a PIL has also been recently reported, allowing the decrease of extraction times [31].…”

Graphene oxide reinforced polymeric ionic liquid monolith solid‐phase microextraction sorbent for high‐performance liquid chromatography analysis of phenolic compounds in aqueous environmental samples

“…The amino‐ and benzyl‐functionalized 1‐(3‐aminopropyl)‐3‐(4‐vinylbenzyl)imidazolium 4‐styrenesulfonate monomer was prepared by two successive quaternization and anion‐exchange processes according to our previous report (Eq. 1 in Fig.…”

“…The GO (150 mg) was dispersed in DMSO (10 mL) by ultrasonic treatment for 30 min. The IL monomer and the cross‐linking agent were both dissolved in DMSO dispersion of GO with concentration at 0.8 and 0.2 mol/L, respectively . A 5 wt.% of AIBN was added into the solution to initiate the polymerization reaction.…”

“…The special solvent properties of ILs/PILs and their extractability toward different organic substances have made them to be excellent sorbents to improve microextraction efficiency , especially for those polar analytes . In our recent study, an amino‐ and benzyl‐functionalized cross‐linked PIL monolith was prepared and used as SPME sorbent for the analysis of polar endocrine disrupting chemicals in aqueous samples . The SPME monolith has larger sorbent volume compared with the traditional SPME fiber.…”

Ionic liquids: solvents and sorbents in sample preparation

“…The PIL fibers were used in DI-mode for the study of a wide range of analytes including nonvolatile, polar, and ionizable compounds. The PIL sorbent consisting of a 1-vinylbenzyl-3-hexadecylimidazolium bis[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]imide ([VBC 16 Hollow-fibers constructed from polyvinylidene fluoride [129] or polythene (PE) [140] have also been used as supports for monolithic PIL sorbent coatings. A PIL-based multiple monolithic fiber prepared by the in situ copolymerization of the trimethyl-(4-vinylbenzyl)ammonium chloride IL with divinylbenzene and ethylenedimethacrylate cross-linkers was also employed for the extraction of trace endocrine disrupting chemicals followed by HPLC analysis with diode array detection (DAD) [141].…”