Development of a fast agglutination screening test (FAST) for the detection of anti-Leishmania antibodies in dogs

Schallig, Henk D. F. H.; Schoone, Gerard J.; Beijer, E.G.M.; Kroon, Carla; Hommers, M; Özbel, Yusuf; Ozensoy, S; Silva, E.S da; Cardoso, Luı́s; Silva, E.D da

doi:10.1016/s0304-4017(02)00268-6

Cited by 38 publications

(30 citation statements)

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“…2015 465 Leishmania spp. in cats of the disease, high incidence, and the ability to lead to a severe clinical form that may cause death (SCHALLIG et al, 2002). The predominant vector found in Brazil is Lutzomyia longipalpis (DEANE & DEANE, 1962).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…American visceral leishmaniasis is caused by Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum chagasi, and is a serious public health problem in Brazil owing to the wide geographical distribution of the disease, high incidence, and the ability to lead to a severe clinical form that may cause death (SCHALLIG et al, 2002). The predominant vector found in Brazil is Lutzomyia longipalpis (DEANE & DEANE, 1962).…”

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Antibodies to Leishmania spp. in domestic felines

Oliveira

Paiz

Menozzi

et al. 2015

Rev. Bras. Parasitol. Vet.

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Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne zoonotic disease caused by protozoa in the genus Leishmania, typical of rural and peri-urban environments. The causative agent of American visceral leishmaniasis is Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum chagasi and the main insect vector in Brazil is Lutzomyia longipalpis. Dogs (Canis familiaris) are important in the transmission of the disease, as a reservoir closely related to humans and an infection source for phlebotomine vectors. Since 1990, an increasing number of feline leishmaniasis cases have been reported, suggesting that domestic cats (Felis catus) might be involved in the epidemiology of the disease. The present study analyzed the prevalence of anti-Leishmania spp. antibodies in naturally infected domestic cats from various neighborhoods in the municipality of Belém, Pará, Brazil, using the indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and the direct agglutination test (DAT). Among the 443 samples tested, 18 (4.06%) presented positive reactions in the IFA. The observed titers were 40 IU in 4.97% of the samples and 80 IU in 0.90%. In the DAT test, positive results were found in 25 (5.64%) of the samples. The observed titers were also 40 IU (4.97%) and 80 IU (0.68%). The agreement rate between the two tests was considered low (Kappa coefficient = 0.10).Keywords: Indirect immunofluorescence assay, direct agglutination test, leishmaniasis, cats. ResumoAs leishmanioses são zoonoses vetoriais causadas por protozoários do gênero Leishmania, características de ambientes rurais e periurbanos. A leishmaniose visceral americana (LVA) é causada pela Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum chagasi, cujo principal vetor no Brasil é Lutzomyia longipalpis. O cão (Canis familiaris) possui papel ativo na transmissão da doença, pois é um reservatório muito próximo do humano e uma fonte de infecção para o flebotomíneo. O aumento do número de casos de leishmaniose felina, descritos na literatura a partir de 1990, sugere Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne zoonotic disease caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania, Kinetoplastida order, Trypanosomatidae family, and transmitted by phlebotomine species, causing tegumental and visceral injuries (ROSA, 2009). In the parasitic life cycle, promastigotes are found in the vector and amastigotes are found in the infected host tissues (BANETH, 2006). Leishmaniasis is typical of rural and peri-urban environments. Domestic and wild mammals can be infected; humans are considered accidental hosts of the protozoa (CURI et al., 2006).The dog (Canis familiaris) has an active role in the transmission of the disease as an asymptomatic reservoir that is closely related to humans and an infection source to phlebotomine vectors (COURTENAY et al., 2002).American visceral leishmaniasis is caused by Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum chagasi, and is a serious public health problem in Brazil owing to the wide geographical distribution v. 24, n. 4, out.-dez. 2015 465 Leishmania spp. in cats of the disease, high incidence, and the ability to lead to a severe clinical form that ...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Antibodies to Leishmania spp. in domestic felines

Oliveira

Paiz

Menozzi

et al. 2015

Rev. Bras. Parasitol. Vet.

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“…No que se refere à participação de anticorpos IgM nas LCs, pouco ainda se sabe, pois devido as suas características, os mesmos são facilmente inativados por reagentes utilizados nas principais técnicas utilizadas para avaliação sorológica, dentre elas o Teste de Aglutinação Direta (DAT) (Schallig et al, 2002). Apesar do exposto, foi relatado que o perfil de IgM apresentou-se elevado em animais infectados por L. infantum, contudo sem associação com o aparecimento dos sinais clínicos, mas correlacionado com a densidade parasitária no baço, pele, fígado e medula óssea (Reis et al, 2006).…”

Section: Estudo Das Imunoglobulinas Nas Formas Tegumentar E Visceral unclassified

Leishmaniosis: an approach about the immunoglobulins and cytokines involved in infection and vaccination

Carneiro

Nunes-Pinheiro

2013

AVB

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RESUMO:Objetivou-se revisar os principais trabalhos científicos, discutindo a participação das imunoglobulinas e as citocinas detectadas nas leishmanioses caninas (LCs) e na vacinação de cães sadios. Nas leishmanioses a resposta imune protetora é regulada por células Th1 e Th17, sendo INF-γ, IL-2, TNF-α, IL-17, IL-21, IL-22, IL-6 e TGF-β, as citocinas características, com consequente aumento na produção de IgG2. Por outro lado, a resposta imune mediada por Th2 e Treg, apresenta padrão de citocinas associadas a IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 e IL-10, as quais inibem a resposta de Th1, aumentando a produção de IgG1, IgA e IgE e o desenvolvimento sintomático de uma severa doença. O perfil de anticorpos associados à produção de IgG1 e IgG2 ainda é conflitante entre os pesquisadores. Sendo assim, a interpretação das imunoglobulinas não poderá funcionar como marcador, quer seja no diagnóstico quer seja no tratamento de animais doentes. A vacinação surgiu como nova estratégia de controle das LCs. As formulações vacinais de primeira e terceira gerações são capazes de induzir uma resposta mediada tanto por INF-γ quanto IL-4, enquanto as de segunda geração são caracterizadas pelo aumento da produção de INF-γ e NO. Nestas situações, há aumento na capacidade de resposta imune celular e na produção de anticorpos. Ressalta-se que antígenos vacinais disponíveis não são capazes de desencadear uma resposta satisfatória mediada por linfócitos T CD4 + de memória. Pode-se concluir que as imunoglobulinas e as citocinas podem ser utilizadas como marcadores das LCs e do efeito vacinal, contudo seu uso na clínica deve ser resguardado.Palavras-chave: leishmanioses canina; biomarcadores; vacinas. ABSTRACT:It was aimed to review the main scientific work, discussing the participation of immunoglobulins and cytokines detected in canine leishmaniosis (CLs) and in the vaccination of healthy dogs. In the leishmaniosis the protective immune response is regulated by Th1 and Th17 cells, being INF-γ, IL-2, TNF-α, IL-17, IL-21, IL-22, IL-6 and TGF-β, the cytokines features, with a consequent increase in the production of IgG2. Moreover, the immune response mediated by Th2 and Treg presents pattern associated of cytokines IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 and IL-10, which inhibit Th1 response, increasing the production of IgG1, IgA and IgE and development of severe symptomatic disease. The antibody profile associated with the production of IgG1 and IgG2 is still conflict among researchers. As such, the interpretation of immunoglobulins can not function as marker, either in the diagnosis whether the treatment of sick animals. Vaccination has emerged as a new control strategy of CLs. The vaccine formulations of the first and third generations are capable of inducing a response mediated both for IFN-γ as IL-4, while the second generation are characterized by the increased production of IFN-γ and NO. In these situations, there is an increase in the capacity of cellular immune response and the production of antibodies. It is highlighted that available vaccine antigens are not able t...

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“…used a standard freeze-dried antigen at a concentration of 5 × 10 7 promastigotes per milliliter (Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), following a predefined protocol (Schallig et al, 2002). Serum two-fold dilution series ranging from 1:25 to 1:800 were tested.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Detection of antibodies specific to Leishmania spp. is an important diagnostic tool, with the direct agglutination test (DAT) being suitable for the evaluation of large numbers of serum samples in animals (Schallig et al, 2002;Vilhena et al, 2014). The first case of feline leishmanial infection was described in a domestic cat from Algiers, Algeria (Sergent et al, 1912).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii and Leishmania spp. in domestic cats from Luanda, Angola

Lopes

Oliveira

Granada

et al. 2017

Veterinary Parasitology

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A B S T R A C TToxoplasma gondii and Leishmania spp. are zoonotic protozoa of importance to animal and public health. The present study aimed to assess for the first time the seroprevalence of these zoonotic parasites in a domestic feline population living in Luanda, Angola. One hundred and two cats were sampled at a veterinary medical centre, from May 2014 to February 2016. The age of the cats ranged from 2.5 to 143 months (median: 12 months; interquartile range: 7.5-24). Serum samples were tested for immunoglobulin (Ig) G antibodies to T. gondii at twofold dilutions of 1:20 to 1:2560 with a modified agglutination test (MAT) commercial kit. The direct agglutination test (DAT) for titration of IgG antibodies specific to Leishmania spp. used a standard freeze-dried antigen at a concentration of 5 × 10 7 promastigotes per milliliter, following a predefined protocol. Two-fold dilution series ranging from 1:25 to 1:800 were tested, with a cut-off titre of 100 chosen for seropositivity. Four out of 102 cats (3.9%; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.1-9.7) had antibodies to T. gondii: one had a titer of 20, one a titer of 160, and two had a titer ≥ 2560. No cat (0.0%; CI: 0.0-3.5) was found seropositive for Leishmania spp. A statistically significant difference was found between T. gondii seroprevalence and Leishmania spp. seroprevalence (p = 0.043). The odds of a cat being seropositive to T. gondii increased by an average factor of 1.58 for each 1-year increase in age (p = 0.003). The sampled cats were well-cared animals and may not represent the overall feline population of Angola at the national and city levels. The fact that only 12 out of the 102 sampled cats ate or had access to raw or undercooked meat and/or viscera may have reduced the likelihood of finding seropositive results. Under these circumstances, additional studies, including a larger number of cats, are necessary for a more comprehensive assessment of the zoonotic risk posed by these animals in Angola.

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Development of a fast agglutination screening test (FAST) for the detection of anti-Leishmania antibodies in dogs

Cited by 38 publications

References 19 publications

Antibodies to Leishmania spp. in domestic felines

Antibodies to Leishmania spp. in domestic felines

Leishmaniosis: an approach about the immunoglobulins and cytokines involved in infection and vaccination

Antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii and Leishmania spp. in domestic cats from Luanda, Angola

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