Development of a Conceptual Mapping Standard to Link Building and Geospatial Information

Abstract

This study introduces the BIM (building information modeling)-GIS (geographic information system) conceptual mapping (B2GM) standard ISO N19166 and proposes a mapping mechanism. In addition, the major issues concerning BIM-GIS integration, and the considerations that it requires, are discussed. The B2GM is currently being standardized by the spatial-information international standardization organization TC211. Previous studies on BIM-GIS integration seem to focus on the integration of different types of model schemas and on the implementation of service interfaces. B2GM concerns the clear definition of the conditions and methods for mapping the object information required from the user's use-case viewpoint for city-scale mapping. The benefits of the B2GM approach are that the user is able directly control the BIM-GIS linkage and integration process in order to acquire the necessary objection information. This can reveal cases of possibly unclear BIM-GIS integration outside the black box in an explicit and standard way, so that the user can distinctively predict the final output obtainable from the BIM-GIS integration. This study examined B2GM in terms of its development background, components, and several utilization examples, as well as the levels and considerations of the integration of different BIM-GIS models.

Requirements, Development, and Evaluation of A National Building Standard—A Swedish Case Study

“…For many use cases a simple model will suffice, and a complex model with unnecessary information could cause problems. The research presented in [14] is critical to 3D city models that are too comprehensive for their purpose. To overcome this Kang describes five BIM-GIS integration levels (BG-IL) where the simplest integration is a coordinate reference system integration (BG-IL1), followed by geometry model integration (BG-IL2), element data integration (BG-IL3), relationship integration (BG-IL4), and finally the most advanced integration, semantic information integration (BG-IL5).…”

“…National standards for 3D buildings and city models demand a requirement analysis [3,14]. Will the 3D building data only be used for visualization or should it also be used for analyses?…”

Automation of Building Permission by Integration of BIM and Geospatial Data

“…Furthermore, different geometric representations are employed, where IFC is using solids, such as constructive solid geometry (CSG) or sweep volumes, while CityGML uses boundary representation (B-Rep) (for description of these representations, see, e.g., [13]). Another challenge is that IFC allows for many different ways of modelling, which implies that it is not straight-forward to find a solution that can handle all IFC models (see, e.g., [14]). …”

“…Kang [14] described the BIM-to-GIS conceptual mapping B2GM standard (ISO N19166) which defines the requirement and logical mapping for implementation of the two heterogeneous data models in the BIM and geospatial domain. By using the conceptual mapping between the two data models it is possible for a user to interrogate the data (e.g., building regulation checking) as if the BIM and geospatial data had been integrated into the same environment.…”

Processing BIM and GIS Models in Practice: Experiences and Recommendations from a GeoBIM Project in The Netherlands

“…Amirebrahimi et al [4] extends the data model of GML (and not CityGML) to create a unified model supporting two specific applications (visualisation and flood damage assessment to specific buildings). Kang [21] introduces a conceptual mapping standard B2GM, which links BIM to GIS based on the ISO 19166 standard.…”