Development of a BALB/c 3T3 neutral red uptake cytotoxicity test using a mainstream cigarette smoke exposure system

Thorne, David; Kilford, Joanne; Payne, Rebecca; Haswell, Linsey E.; Dalrymple, Annette; Meredith, Clive; Dillon, Debbie

doi:10.1186/1756-0500-7-367

Cited by 25 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…The biological impact of particulate-to-vapor ratios can be assessed by applying the same test conditions used to determine the physical characteristics/exposure to comparisons of WS versus gas-vapor-phase exposure. WS versus vapor-only assessments have been assessed with cytotoxicity and gene expression endpoints 24,27,[70][71][72][73] and suggest that the differential change in chemical composition of the smoke with differing levels of particulate to gas-vapor-phase constituents impacts cell survival, mutagenicity, and expression of genes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization and Application of the VITROCELL VC1 Smoke Exposure System and 3D EpiAirway Models for Toxicological and e-Cigarette Evaluations

FieldsWanda

MaioneAnna

KeyserBrian

et al. 2017

Applied In Vitro Toxicology

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The VITROCELL VC1 Ò smoke exposure machine is an aerosol exposure system that has been used to conduct toxicological assessments with cigarettes and e-cigarettes and can be used with the human 3D EpiAirwayÔ tissue model (MatTek Corporation). The goals of this study were to assess exposure parameters of the VC1, and evaluate donor-to-donor variability of three EpiAirway tissue donors with the following endpoints: viability, barrier integrity, and gene promoter/expression regulation. Additionally, we applied the EpiAirway model to assess the effects of aerosol from two reference combustible cigarettes and two e-cigarettes. Whole smoke (WS) exposures with Kentucky Reference 3R4F cigarettes and Cooperation Centre for Scientific Research Relative to Tobacco (CORESTA) Monitor were conducted under International Organization for Standardization or Health Canada Intense (HCI) conditions, and e-cigarette exposures were conducted under modified HCI conditions. Particulate deposition and collection were consistent across independent assessments. A decrease in barrier function was accompanied with a dose-dependent decrease in viability for all donors. IC 50 values were reproducible (coefficient of variations, CVs <20%) for all donors with both assays. Under HCI conditions, tissue viability and barrier integrity declined rapidly following 3R4F exposures, while no decline in either endpoint was observed with either e-cigarette. Increases in nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) promoter activation through the antioxidant response element and gene expression associated with oxidative stress, inflammation, and metabolism were observed following 3R4F WS exposures, and the Nrf2 promoter was differentially regulated by 3R4F WS compared with gas-vapor-phase exposures. No activation in the Nrf2 promoter was observed for e-cigarette exposures. Collectively, the consistency of the VC1 system and EpiAirway model supports the use of these systems in respiratory toxicological assessments. Furthermore, these systems effectively discriminate the toxic impact of smoke from a combustible cigarette on cell viability and oxidative stress while showing no impact of e-cigarettes in these experiments.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization and Application of the VITROCELL VC1 Smoke Exposure System and 3D EpiAirway Models for Toxicological and e-Cigarette Evaluations

FieldsWanda

MaioneAnna

KeyserBrian

et al. 2017

Applied In Vitro Toxicology

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“…The neutral red uptake assay was performed as previously described by Thorne et al ( 2014 ) and is based on the Interagency Coordinating Committee on the Validation of Alternative Methods (ICCVAM) BALB/c 3T3 test method, with modifications for aerosol ALI exposure. Briefly, cells were incubated in DMEM culture media containing 50 µg/ml Neutral Red for 3 h. Neutral Red dye was released by the addition of Neutral Red de-stain solution [ethanol: acetic acid: distilled water; (50:1:49)] and was measured by absorbance at 540 nm.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A comparative assessment of cigarette smoke aerosols using anin vitroair–liquid interface cytotoxicity test

Thorne

Dalrymple

Dillon

et al. 2015

Inhalation Toxicology

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This study describes the evaluation of a modified air-liquid interface BALB/c 3T3 cytotoxicity method for the assessment of smoke aerosols in vitro. The functionality and applicability of this modified protocol was assessed by comparing the cytotoxicity profiles from eight different cigarettes. Three reference cigarettes, 1R5F, 3R4F and CORESTA Monitor 7 were used to put the data into perspective and five bespoke experimental products were manufactured, ensuring a balanced and controlled study. Manufactured cigarettes were matched for key variables such as nicotine delivery, puff number, pressure drop, ventilation, carbon monoxide, nicotine free dry particulate matter and blend, but significantly modified for vapor phase delivery, via the addition of two different types and quantities of adsorptive carbon. Specifically manufacturing products ensures comparisons can be made in a consistent manner and allows the research to ask targeted questions, without confounding product variables. The results demonstrate vapor-phase associated cytotoxic effects and clear differences between the products tested and their cytotoxic profiles. This study has further characterized the in vitro vapor phase biological response relationship and confirmed that the biological response is directly proportional to the amount of available vapor phase toxicants in cigarette smoke, when using a Vitrocell® VC 10 exposure system. This study further supports and strengthens the use of aerosol based exposure options for the appropriate analysis of cigarette smoke induced responses in vitro and may be especially beneficial when comparing aerosols generated from alternative tobacco aerosol products.

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“…In vitro whole smoke exposure systems offer many technical challenges, but can capture the full interactions of both the particulate and the vapor phase. 7,8 A further advantage of these systems is that cell cultures can be raised to the air-liquid interface (ALI) to imitate the physiological exposure scenario. A multitude of different cell cultures can be maintained and exposed at the ALI, which expands options for exposure and experimental design.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Case Study for the Comparison ofIn VitroData Across Multiple Aerosol Exposure Studies with Extrapolation to Human Dose

Thorne

Bishop

Haswell

et al. 2018

Applied In Vitro Toxicology

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In vitro aerosol systems offer advantages in generating aerosols and exposing cell cultures at the air-liquid interface (ALI), mimicking human exposure. However, dilution technologies, principles, and characteristics of exposure chambers differ between systems. In addition, various cell types and biological end points can be assessed, meaning that in vitro aerosol data are presented in different ways, so researchers are unable to compare data between systems, studies, and laboratories. In this case study we present the comparison of in vitro data across multiple aerosol exposure studies using a 3R4F reference tobacco product. The first aim assessed whether a consistent in vitro dosimetry approach could gain insight into the characterization of ALI aerosol exposure systems. The second aim assessed whether cytotoxicity data sets generated on contrasting exposure systems with different experimental setups could be directly compared. Cytotoxicity data generated from five independent studies were compared. When plotted on the x-axis as a function of dilution principle, the ''standard way'' to present whole aerosol data, there was little read across between the data sets. Expressing each data set as a function of particulate dose (lg/cm 2) and nicotine concentration (mg), however, allowed comparisons between all data sets and with human daily exposure estimates. Furthermore, compared as a function of dose, the data set showed remarkable commonalities between themselves despite clear study differences. The data demonstrate that in vitro dosimetry techniques can align data between contrasting setups and experimental protocols to facilitate comparisons and provide a link between in vitro, in vivo, and human dosimetry studies.

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Development of a BALB/c 3T3 neutral red uptake cytotoxicity test using a mainstream cigarette smoke exposure system

Cited by 25 publications

References 23 publications

Characterization and Application of the VITROCELL VC1 Smoke Exposure System and 3D EpiAirway Models for Toxicological and e-Cigarette Evaluations

Characterization and Application of the VITROCELL VC1 Smoke Exposure System and 3D EpiAirway Models for Toxicological and e-Cigarette Evaluations

A comparative assessment of cigarette smoke aerosols using anin vitroair–liquid interface cytotoxicity test

A Case Study for the Comparison ofIn VitroData Across Multiple Aerosol Exposure Studies with Extrapolation to Human Dose

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