Development mechanisms of an explosive cyclone over East Sea on 3–4 April 2012

Extratropical cyclone classification and its use in climate studies

“…For example, Upper level forcing may be associated with upper level PV anomalies [e.g., Elsberry and Kirchoffer , ; Wang and Rogers , ; Dacre and Gray , ; Kouroutzoglou et al , ], potentially caused by either cyclonic or anticyclonic Rossby wave breaking [ Gómara et al , ] and this seems to be more important in the east Atlantic than the west Atlantic [ Wang and Rogers , ; Dacre and Gray , ]. Air‐sea interaction involves the flux of energy from the ocean to the atmosphere, resulting in heating and moistening of the atmosphere and reduced stability, which is important prior to and during the explosive development [ Davis and Emanuel , ; Kuo et al , ; Reed et al , ]. Moisture from the ocean may be transported onshore, contributing to latent heating in the cyclones [ Brennan and Lackmann , ] and it may be evaporated by drier airstreams within the cyclones, leading to enhanced latent heat release in the warm conveyor belt region of the cyclone [ Booth et al , ; Hirata et al , ]. Latent heat release (diabatic heating) can be very important in the generation and/or development of explosive cyclones [ Anthes et al , ; Manobianco , ; Lim and Simmonds , ; Heo et al , ; Kouroutzoglou et al , ]. Heo et al [] find that the latent heat released in an explosive cyclone could account for around half of the intensification seen during the initial phase of cyclone development.…”

“…Moisture from the ocean may be transported onshore, contributing to latent heating in the cyclones [ Brennan and Lackmann , ] and it may be evaporated by drier airstreams within the cyclones, leading to enhanced latent heat release in the warm conveyor belt region of the cyclone [ Booth et al , ; Hirata et al , ]. Latent heat release (diabatic heating) can be very important in the generation and/or development of explosive cyclones [ Anthes et al , ; Manobianco , ; Lim and Simmonds , ; Heo et al , ; Kouroutzoglou et al , ]. Heo et al [] find that the latent heat released in an explosive cyclone could account for around half of the intensification seen during the initial phase of cyclone development. However, Manobianco [] found that the latent heat release from convection was more important during the latter stages of cyclone development.…”

Driving Roles of Tropospheric and Stratospheric Thermal Anomalies in Intensification and Persistence of the Arctic Superstorm in 2012

“…The relatively stable and widely extended Arctic front along the Eurasian Arctic coast supported the storm development for a longer intensification period, a total of 4 days from 3 to 6 August in this superstorm. Second, surface energy flux plays important roles in the midlatitude intense or "bomb" storms (e.g., Heo et al, 2015;Piva et al, 2011;Yoshida & Asuma, 2004). However, the Arctic storm lived most time over the cold ice-covered surface and in a dry atmospheric environment; no obvious diabatic heating is available to support the development of Arctic storms (Simmonds & Rudeva, 2012).…”

Explosive Cyclogenesis around the Korean Peninsula in May 2016 from a Potential Vorticity Perspective: Case Study and Numerical Simulations

“…Explosive cyclones are extratropical cyclones characterized by a strong deepening (a sea level pressure decrease larger than 24 hPa within 24 h at 60 • N or the equivalent [1]) and are often linked not only to extreme weather conditions, including strong winds and heavy rainfall, but also to extreme ocean events such as abnormally high waves [2] and, in some cases, storm surge. Sanders and Gyakum [1] first conducted a study on explosive cyclones in 1980 and demonstrated the importance of the baroclinic instability to this phenomenon; since then, many researchers have identified the development mechanisms of explosive cyclones, including physical and dynamical processes [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10].…”

“…According to Fosdick and Smith [25], LHR can significantly contribute to explosive cyclone development by reinforcing the development and propagation influence of other forcing mechanisms. Heo et al [5] found that LHR contributes to approximately half of the intensification during the initial stage of explosive cyclone development. Schemm and Wernli [22] described how the LHR embedded in the WCB intensifies the upper-and low-level potential vorticity (PV) anomalies in an idealized extratropical cyclone and how the two PV anomalies accelerate the near-surface wind speed (low-level PV anomaly) as well as the upper-level jet stream and downstream development (upper-level PV anomaly).…”