Development, Characterization, Stability and Bioaccessibility Improvement of 7,8-Dihydroxyflavone Loaded Zein/Sophorolipid/Polysaccharide Ternary Nanoparticles: Comparison of Sodium Alginate and Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose

Abstract

In this study, two polysaccharides [sodium alginate (ALG) and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)] were selected to establish zein/sophorolipid/ALG (ALG/S/Z) and zein/sophorolipid/ALG (CMC/S/Z) nanoparticles to encapsulate 7,8-dihydroxyflavone (7,8-DHF), respectively. The results showed that polysaccharide types significantly affected performance of ternary nanoparticles, including CMC/S/Z possessed lower polydispersity index, particle size and turbidity, but higher zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency and loading capacity compared to ALG/S/Z. Compared to zein/sophorolipid nanoparticles (S/Z), both ALG/S/Z and CMC/S/Z had better stability against low pH (pH 3~4) and high ionic strengths (150~200 mM NaCl). Hydrophobic effects, electrostatic interactions and hydrogen bonding were confirmed in ternary nanoparticles fabrication via Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Circular dichroism revealed that CMC and ALG had no evident impact on secondary structure of zein in S/Z, but changed surface morphology of S/Z as observed by scanning electron microscope. Encapsulated 7,8-DHF exhibited an amorphous state in ternary nanoparticles as detected by X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry. Furthermore, compared to S/Z, ALG/S/Z, and CMC/S/Z remarkably improved the storage stability and bioaccessibility of 7,8-DHF. CMC/S/Z possessed a greater storage stability for 7,8-DHF, however, ALG/S/Z exhibited a better in vitro bioaccessibility of 7,8-DHF. This research provides a theoretical reference for zein-based delivery system application.

Establishment and Characterization of Stable Zein/Glycosylated Lactoferrin Nanoparticles to Enhance the Storage Stability and in vitro Bioaccessibility of 7,8-Dihydroxyflavone

“…The entrapment efficiency (EE) of encapsulated 7,8-DHF was assessed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) based on our previously described method ( 19 , 20 ) and then calculated depending on the following equation:…”

Development of carboxymethyl chitosan-coated zein/soy lecithin nanoparticles for the delivery of resveratrol

“…26,27 To address these limitations of ZNPs, coating and/or incorporating ZNPs with other biopolymers, such as proteins like casein 28 and whey protein, 29 phospholipids like sophorolipid 30 and lecithin, 31 and polysaccharides like alginate, 32 propylene glycol alginate (PGA) 33 and chitosan, has been reported to be an effective strategy. 34 In some cases, ternary ZNPs (e.g., zein-PGA-tea saponin, 35 zein-PGA-surfactant, 36 zein-sophorolipidpolysaccharide 37 and zein-sodium caseinate-PGA 38 ) were fabricated, and exhibited more advantages compared to binary ZNPs. The formation of ternary ZNPs mainly involved two steps: dissolving all composite materials in a solvent phase, and then forming particles by adding a nonsolvent phase or solvent evaporation.…”

“…34 In some cases, ternary ZNPs ( e.g. , zein-PGA-tea saponin, 35 zein-PGA-surfactant, 36 zein-sophorolipid-polysaccharide 37 and zein-sodium caseinate-PGA 38 ) were fabricated, and exhibited more advantages compared to binary ZNPs. The formation of ternary ZNPs mainly involved two steps: dissolving all composite materials in a solvent phase, and then forming particles by adding a nonsolvent phase or solvent evaporation.…”

Fabrication, characterization of carboxymethyl konjac glucomannan/ovalbumin-naringin nanoparticles with improving in vitro bioaccessibility

“…Protein and polysaccharides, as representative biodegradable biopolymers with native bioactivities for human health, had been proved as ideal encapsulation wall materials for food and pharmaceutical purposes ( Chen et al, 2021 ). Ovalbumin, the major protein of egg white, can be used as nanoparticles wall materials through self-crosslinking by its positive NH 3+ ( Gou et al, 2018 , Visentini et al, 2019 ) or mixed together with other materials, such as carboxymethylcellulose, cashew gum and κ-carrageenan ( Gomez-Estaca et al, 2016 , Xie et al, 2019 , Xiong et al, 2018 ).…”

“…Ovalbumin, the major protein of egg white, can be used as nanoparticles wall materials through self-crosslinking by its positive NH 3+ ( Gou et al, 2018 , Visentini et al, 2019 ) or mixed together with other materials, such as carboxymethylcellulose, cashew gum and κ-carrageenan ( Gomez-Estaca et al, 2016 , Xie et al, 2019 , Xiong et al, 2018 ). Polysaccharides are benefit in restraining OVA protein aggregation ( Chen et al, 2021 ). For example, CKGM has showed good encapsulation ability with bovine serum albumin ( Du et al, 2005 ).…”