Development and validation of two scales to measure elaboration and behaviors associated with stewardship in children

Identifying and developing crosscutting environmental education outcomes for adolescents in the twenty-first century (EE21)

“…These scales often curtail the range of variability to one side of the scale (Miller 2018). Issues pertaining to lack of variance and skewness are not unique in scales used to evaluate EE programs (Dawes 2008;Peterson and Wilson 1992;Vezeau et al 2017). Typically, this problem with measurement reflects a scale's insensitivity, or inability to effectively measure variations in an outcome because of social desirability, poor item wording ('motherhood' items) or a ceiling effect (e.g.…”

“…Typically, this problem with measurement reflects a scale's insensitivity, or inability to effectively measure variations in an outcome because of social desirability, poor item wording ('motherhood' items) or a ceiling effect (e.g. high scores in pre-experience surveys limit the ability of scale to measure a change) (Vezeau et al 2017). This lack of sensitivity ultimately pertains to the design and construction of the scales (Miller 2018;Munshi 2014).…”

“…This crossvalidation comparison using independent samples determines if the hypothesized model, including the items comprising a scale and the hypothesized factor structure of the scales, is stable across different samples (e.g. Byrne, Shavelson, and Muthen 1989;Powell et al 2011;Vagias et al 2012;Vezeau et al 2017).…”

Development of Teacher Academic Optimism Scale: The validity and reliability study

“…Cansoy & Turan, 2016;Deniz, 2016;Mishra, Sharma, Chander Sharma, Singh & Thakur, 2016;Özpınar, 2012;Ünlü Yavaş & Çağan, 2017;Vezeau, Powell, Stern, DeWayne Moore & Wright, 2017). According to Tinsley and Tinsley (1987), during the development of a scale with a sample up to 300, 5 to 10 people may be recommended for each item whereas for scales with larger samples this number may be increased.…”

“…Uzman görüşleri doğrultusunda ölçek maddeleri yeniden incelenmiş ve gerekli düzeltmeler yapılarak ölçek, beşi ters madde olmak üzere toplam 64 maddeye indirilmiştir. AFA ve DFA analizleri, aynı yöntemi kullanan daha önceki araştırmalara (Cansoy & Turan, 2016;Deniz, 2016;Mishra, Sharma, Chander Sharma, Singh & Thakur, 2016;Özpınar, 2012;Ünlü Yavaş & Çağan, 2017;Vezeau, Powell, Stern, DeWayne Moore & Wright, 2017) da dayanarak aynı çalışma grubunda yapılmıştır. Tinsley ve Tinsley'e (1987) göre ölçek geliştirme çalışmalarında 300 kişiye kadar örneklemlerde her madde için 5 ile 10 kişi oranı önerilebileceği gibi daha büyük örneklemlerde bu oran esnetilebilir.…”