Development and Validation of the Positive Parenting Schema Inventory (PPSI) to Complement the Young Parenting Inventory (YPI) for Schema Therapy (ST)

Abstract

The factor structure of an initial item pool of 207 positive parenting items was investigated (Manila; n = 520, 538) to develop the Positive Parenting Schema Inventory. Single group and multigroup confirmatory factor analyses of the Positive Parenting Schema Inventory showed invariance of the factor structure in six out of the seven levels on two other independent samples (Eastern, Indonesia; n = 366, 383; Western, the United States; n = 204, 214). Good values for reliability were obtained for its seven subscales (50 items) using coefficient omegas (.71 to .95). Evidence of validity based on test content, response processes (item responses to desired inferences), internal structure (exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses), relations to other variables (correlations with other instruments), and consequences of testing (correlations with positive schemas) were demonstrated. A core tenet of schema therapy theory was supported in that recall of past positive parenting patterns were associated with current levels of positive schemas.

Psychometric validation of the Young Parenting Inventory - Revised (YPI-R2): Replication and Extension of a commonly used parenting scale in Schema Therapy (ST) research and practice

“…Finally, this scale with negative parenting constructs also showed convergent validity through statistically significant associations with EMSs, lending strong support for the tenet of ST that negative parenting patterns are associated with the development of EMSs. This was similar to associations found between EASs and positive parenting constructs [ 15 , 16 ]. Out of failure to support the expected 17- and nine-factor structure, a unique new scale emerges with broad applicability to many forms of psychotherapy and lines of research and with special relevance to those involved in ST research and practice.…”

“…This link is supported by the results of this study, as seen from the significant correlations between the subscales of the YPI-R2 (Fathers) and YPI-R2 (Mothers) and the 18 EMSs in the USA sample (see Table 4 ). This mirrored the associations found between EASs and positive parenting constructs [ 15 , 16 ].…”

“…This tenet of ST is supported by studies showing that EMSs are linked to early negative parenting experiences [ 8 – 13 ]. The association between EMSs and negative parenting patterns or Exasperation Interactions [ 14 ] mirrors the important empirical associations found between Early Adaptive Schemas (EASs; or known colloquially as positive schemas) and positive parenting constructs or what we call Nurturing Interactions from recent studies conducted by Louis, Wood, Lockwood, Ho, and Ferguson [ 15 ], and Louis, Wood, and Lockwood [ 16 ]. To date, 18 EMSs have been identified [ 17 ]; their hypothesized relationships with early negative parenting patterns and core emotional needs are shown in S1 Table [ 7 ].…”

Adverse childhood experiences and early maladaptive schemas in adulthood: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

“…This resulted in an insufficient number of studies on parenting styles (e.g., demanding parenting and overanxious parenting) for meta‐analyses examining two of the four types of adverse childhood events: overcontrolled or overindulged and selective internalization and identification. Given Young's theoretical model, and emerging empirical evidence linking schemas with positive and negative parenting practices (Louis et al, 2018; Louis, Wood, & Lockwood, 2020), researchers should seek to build the evidence base on parenting and schemas.…”

The Young Parenting Inventory (YPI-R3), and the Baumrind, Maccoby and Martin Parenting Model: Finding Common Ground

“…As important as this new measure of dysfunctional parenting are measures of exceptional parenting. To meet this need an instrument known as the positive parenting schema inventory (PPSI) [ 31 , 32 ] in a manner parallel to the YPI-R3, provides a broader and more nuanced picture of all that goes well in parenting than any of the other current models or measures. It offers an empirically validated framework of seven positive parenting patterns.…”