Psychometric validation of the Young Parenting Inventory - Revised (YPI-R2): Replication and Extension of a commonly used parenting scale in Schema Therapy (ST) research and practice

Abstract

This study aimed at developing a revised validated version of the Young Parenting Inventory (YPI) known as YPI-R2 that had 17 theoretical subscales. Using separate ratings for fathers and mothers samples from Singapore (n = 582, 617), Manila (n = 520, 538), Jakarta (n = 366, 383), and the USA (n = 204, 214), exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were conducted. This resulted in five subscales for fathers and six for mothers. The 17 theoretical subscales were not supported. Construct, convergent, and divergent validity of this new revised alternative YPI-R2 were also demonstrated. The stringent incremental validity test showed that the YPI-R2 accounted for additional statistically significant variance over and above that contributed by gender and three other established parenting instruments in predicting clinically relevant outcomes. Partial invariance of its factor structure was demonstrated through multigroup CFA using Eastern and Western samples. Finally, significant correlations with the 18 Early Maladaptive Schemas (EMSs) supported a central tenet of schema therapy that these are associated with early negative parenting patterns. Parenting norms in both Eastern and Western cultures that were associated with ill-being were also discussed thus showing the cross-cultural relevance of the YPI-R2.

The clinical characterization of the adult patient with depression aimed at personalization of management

“…A number of measures are also available to assess the parent-ing patterns of early caregivers. The Young Parenting Inventory (YPI) has been used in schema therapy, and provides a useful way of assessing early parenting styles, and how these might be related to an individual's early maladaptive schemas 211 . The inventory has 72 items that retrospectively assess perceived parenting experiences in respect of each key caregiver.…”

The Good Enough Parenting early intervention schema therapy based program: Participant experience

“…Since the Good Enough Parenting program has gained acceptance in different cultures, it is important to provide an overview of its link to current parenting literature. The program is built on schema theory literature [ 6 ] to consider a broader range of adaptive and maladaptive parenting patterns that relate closely to the core emotional needs of children [ 15 , 16 , 18 ], and thereby prevent the development of psychopathology. It is also important to see if these types of parenting patterns cut across cultures, and to identify key patterns, if any, that are culture specific.…”

“…It is also important to see if these types of parenting patterns cut across cultures, and to identify key patterns, if any, that are culture specific. As such, consideration will also be given to the measures underpinning Good Enough Parenting [ 15 , 16 ] and their links to other established instruments measuring parenting patterns.…”

“…From the vantage point of the prevailing parenting constructs, The Good Enough Parenting program uses a broader and more nuanced range of parenting constructs that are grounded in schema theory; a theory that has clinical origins, and therefore a better grasp of maladaptive and adaptive patterns. These constructs have been found to be robust in both Eastern and Western samples, as well as in developing and developed countries [ 15 , 16 , 18 ]. There are seven adaptive parenting patterns known as nurturing interactions and labelled as: Autonomy Granting, Autonomy Support, Confidence and Competence, Dependability, Emotional Nurturance and Unconditional Love, Intrinsic Worth, Playfulness and Emotional Openness [ 15 ].…”

“…These seven subscales go beyond the dimensions of high warmth and high control (Authoritative) that previous models were based on [ 20 , 21 ] and include dimensions of parenting such as believing in a child, providing age appropriate autonomy, cultivating intrinsic values, being dependable, providing emotional openness, and being playful. The parenting program also utilizes ten maladaptive parenting patterns known as exasperation interactions and labelled as: Competitiveness and Status Seeking, Over-Control, Disconnection and Rejection, Neglect and Insufficient Guidance, Emotional Inhibition and Deprivation, Intrusiveness and Exploitation, Overprotection and Overindulgence, Punitiveness and Abuse, Social Exclusion, Undependability and Irresponsibility [ 16 , 18 ].…”