Development and Validation of the Chinese Making Sense of Adversity Scale: Acculturative Stressors as an Example

Abstract

Objective: The objective of this study is to develop and validate the Chinese Making Sense of Adversity Scale (CMSAS) to measure the cognitive coping strategies that Chinese people adopt to make sense of adversity. Method: A 12-item CMSAS was developed by in-depth interview and item analysis. The scale was validated with a sample of 627 Chinese international students in Australia and Mainland Chinese students in Hong Kong. Results: Exploratory factor analysis identified two factors: making positive sense and making negative sense of adversity. The CMSAS exhibited high internal consistency reliability and good concurrent validity. Conclusion: The CMSAS is a reliable and valid instrument for measuring the coping strategies used by Chinese people to make sense of adversity. However, further validation of the scale is needed.

Psychometric Properties of the Chinese Cultural Beliefs About Adversity Scale

“…Pan, Wong, Chan, and Chan (2008) developed the 12-item Chinese Making Sense of Adversity scale (CMSAS) through interviewing the Mainland Chinese graduate students. The scale was validated by 627 Chinese international students in Australia and Mainland Chinese students in Hong Kong, showing good internal consistency and concurrent validity.…”

Factors Related to Suicidal Ideation among College Students in GUAM

“…The instruments used in this study included the Acculturative Hassles Scale (AHS), Stress Appraisal Measure (SAM), Making Sense of Adversity Scale (MSAS), Personal Meaning Profile (PMP), and Affect Scale (AS) [12,13]. The details of these instruments have been described in previous studies [12,13]. These measurements captured participant demographics, and information on suicidal ideation and suicide attempts.…”

“…These students have to adapt to Westernization and Guam's pace of life. Currently acculturation research has focused on positive adaptation outcomes and their contributing protective factors [12,13]. However, stress and its affective consequence, personal meaning and coping, and acculturation may all bear on suicidal ideation and behavior.…”

Analysis Of Process Of Adaptation And Acculturation Of Refugee Women In Spain

“…Either way, research is needed to analyze the psychological attributes of participation in both cultures simultaneously as other authors have done in other contexts (Pan, Wong, Chan, & Chan, 2008;Shim & Schwartz, 2008;Norris, Ford, & Bova, 1996;Marin, Sabogal, Marin, Otero-Sabogal, & Perez-Stable, 1987;Marin & Gamba, 1996;Cuellar, Arnold, & Maldonado, 1995;Cruz, Marshall, Bowling, & Villaveces, 2008;Barona & Miller, 1994) and more specifically research is needed to analyze the experiences of women, specifically refugee women, as we have only found the information provided by Johnson-Agbakwu et al (2016), which makes an adaptation of the M-IBQ scale for refugee women.…”