Development and validation of the global map of irrigation areas

Siebert, Stefan; Döll, Petra; Hoogeveen, J.; Faurès, Jean‐Marc; Frenken, K.; Feick, Sebastian

doi:10.5194/hess-9-535-2005

Cited by 543 publications

(529 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Water use and food production are strongly linked because irrigated agriculture is the primary consumer of global freshwater resources, accounting for ~90% of fresh groundwater consumption over the last century (Shiklomanov 2000;Scanlon et al 2007a). India is particularly vulnerable to water and food scarcity because of its large population, ~1.1 billion, with a projected increase of an additional 570 million in the next 50 years; temporal variability in precipitation (~90% of precipitation in July, August, and September from the southwestern monsoon); and highest irrigated area by country globally-57 million hectares (Mha; UN-DESA-PD 2002; Kumar et al 2005;Siebert et al 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recarga de aguas subterráneas en sistemas de dunas naturales y ecosistemas agrícolas en la región del desierto de Thar, Rajasthan, India

et al. 2010

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recarga de aguas subterráneas en sistemas de dunas naturales y ecosistemas agrícolas en la región del desierto de Thar, Rajasthan, India

et al. 2010

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“…First, the Indian Ministry of Water Resources reports that groundwater withdrawals exceed recharge in the three states we studied 2 . Irrigation accounts for about 95% of the consumption 2 ; about 28% of the area is irrigated 23 . Second, there was no shortage of rainfall in the region to cause a natural decline in water storage.…”

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confidence: 99%

Satellite-based estimates of groundwater depletion in India

Rodell

Velicogna

Famiglietti

2009

Nature

2,306

1,574

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20 30J u ly 2 0 0 2 J a n . 2 0 0 3 J u ly 2 0 0 3 J a n . 2 0 0 4 J u ly 2 0 0 4 J a n . 2 0 0 5 J u ly 2 0 0 5 J a n . 2 0 0 6 J u ly 2 0 0 6 J a n . 2 0 0 7 J u ly 2 0 0 7 J a n . is 5.9 cm, compared with 10.3 cm for soil water and 13.8 cm for TWS. These relationships are consistent with those reported in previous studies of soil-water/groundwater covariability 5,14,22 . The soil-water time series reflects rainfall anomalies during the period (discussed below) and exhibits no significant trend. On the other hand, TWS and groundwater decline steadily from 2003 onwards. We calculate the rate of depletion of groundwater to be 4.0 6 1.0 cm yr 21 . Assuming 2 a specific yield of 0.12, the regional mean rate of water As best can be determined from the coarse GRACE observations, maximum rates of groundwater depletion are centred on Haryana. Groundwater levels also appear to be declining quickly in western Uttar Pradesh, to the east of Haryana. If there is groundwater depletion in Pakistan, to the northwest, it seems to be much less severe.Although six years is a short period from which to assess a longterm trend with confidence, two pieces of evidence support our conclusion that severe groundwater depletion is occurring as a result of human consumption rather than natural variability. First, the Indian Ministry of Water Resources reports that groundwater withdrawals exceed recharge in the three states we studied 2 . Irrigation accounts for about 95% of the consumption 2 ; about 28% of the area is irrigated 23 . Second, there was no shortage of rainfall in the region to cause a natural decline in water storage. GLDAS modelled soil-water fields integrate the effects of precipitation, solar radiation, air temperature and other meteorological factors that directly or indirectly influence groundwater storage 4 . The trend in simulated soil-water storage during the period of study was 0.4 cm yr 21 . This supports the notion that groundwater declines were not caused by natural climate variability. It also confirms that the computed groundwater trend is not a mathematical artefact caused by the subtraction of a large positive soil-water trend from the GRACE-derived TWS trend.We conclude that withdrawals for irrigation and other uses are depleting the groundwater reserves of Rajasthan, Punjab and Haryana at a rate of 4.0 6 1.0 cm yr 21 equivalent height of water, or 17.7 6 4.5 km 3 yr 21 . The Indian Ministry of Water Resources reports that the difference between annual available recharge and annual withdrawals in the region is a 13.2 km 3 yr 21 deficit 2 . Our result implies that the portion of irrigated water that replenishes the aquifers is less and/or the rate of withdrawal is more than the Indian government has estimated. Apparently, most of the groundwater withdrawn subsequently is lost from the region as a result of increases in run-off and/or evapotranspiration. Between August 2002 and October 2008, the region lost 109 km 3 of groundwater, which is double the capacity of India's largest reservoir, the Upper Waingang...

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“…Population increases and industry demands have put additional pressures on groundwater resources. Recent studies estimate that groundwater extraction across the globe has tripled in the last 50 years and is increasing in many countries at an annual growth rate of between 1% -2% [2] [3] [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tools to Estimate Groundwater Levels in the Presence of Changes of Precipitation and Pumping

Haucke¹,

Clancy²,

Kraft³

2016

JWARP

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Central Wisconsin has the greatest density of high capacity wells in the state, most of which are used for agricultural irrigation. Irrigated agriculture has been growing steadily in the region since the 1950's, when irrigation systems and high capacity wells became inexpensive and easy to install. Recent low lake and river levels have increased concerns that unregulated groundwater pumping for irrigation will undermine the availability of groundwater to support surface waters and domestic uses. Some research has quantified the magnitude of groundwater level declines due to irrigation pumping, but no studies have identified its relation to climatic precipitation changes. Changes in precipitation can appear to exacerbate or mask the effect of groundwater pumping. In this study, four groundwater monitoring wells and five climate stations were examined for shifts in groundwater levels and precipitation changes. Through statistical analysis, significant precipitation increases were identified in the southern part of the study area which averaged 2.7 mm per year, but no significant change was determined for the northern portion. Bivariate analysis identified water level declines within the region in the years 1974, 1992 and 1999 for irrigated land covers. Multiple regression analysis explained, predicted and quantified the interaction between precipitation and pumping. Wells located in areas with many high capacity wells showed a decline in water levels of up to 1.28 meters. In the southern portion of the study area where increases in precipitation occurred, this decline was thought to be masked. Results for one region (Plover) agreed with a previously published calibrated groundwater model, which demonstrates that this statistical method may be used to separate the impact of groundwater pumping from changing precipitation, even where observation well data are not widely available.

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Development and validation of the global map of irrigation areas

Cited by 543 publications

References 7 publications

Recarga de aguas subterráneas en sistemas de dunas naturales y ecosistemas agrícolas en la región del desierto de Thar, Rajasthan, India

Recarga de aguas subterráneas en sistemas de dunas naturales y ecosistemas agrícolas en la región del desierto de Thar, Rajasthan, India

Satellite-based estimates of groundwater depletion in India

Tools to Estimate Groundwater Levels in the Presence of Changes of Precipitation and Pumping

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