Development and validation of a rapid multi‐biomarker liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry method to assess human exposure to mycotoxins

Abstract

We conclude that the developed LC/MS/MS method is well suited to quantify multiple mycotoxin biomarkers in human urine down to the sub-ppb range within 18 min and without any prior cleanup. The co-occurrence of several mycotoxins in the investigated samples clearly emphasizes the great potential and importance of this method to assess exposure of humans and animals to naturally occurring mycotoxins.

Invited review: Diagnosis of zearalenone (ZEN) exposure of farm animals and transfer of its residues into edible tissues (carry over)

“…However, the development of different multi-analyte IACs like Myco6in1 (Vicam, Watertown, USA) or DZT-MS prep (r-biopharm, Glasgow, Scotland) represent an improvement of this sample purification method. When testing different sample purification methods including various SPE cartridges (e.g., Oasis HLB) and IACs (ZEN Easy Extract, r-biopharm, Glasgow, Scotland; DZT-MS-prep), it was recognized that neither the IACs nor the different SPE cartridges could be used for the determination of the more polar glucuronide conjugates like ZEN-14-O-glucuronide (Warth et al, 2012). Therefore, they developed and validated a simple 'dilute and shoot' approach for the simultaneous determination of 15 mycotoxins including most relevant key metabolites in urine samples.…”

Biomonitoring of concurrent mycotoxin exposure among adults in Sweden through urinary multi-biomarker analysis

“…In recent years there has been a swift development in Abbreviations: AFB 1 , aflatoxin B 1 ; AFB 2 , aflatoxin B 2 ; AFG 1 , aflatoxin G 1 ; AFG 2 , aflatoxin G 2 ; AFM 1 , aflatoxin M1; DON, deoxynivalenol; DOM-1, de-epoxydeoxynivalenol; FB 1 , fumonisin B 1 ; FB 2 , fumonisin B 2 ; NIV, nivalenol; OTA, ochratoxin A; ZEA, zearalenone; a-ZOL, a-zearalenol; b-ZOL, b-zearalenol. 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 analytical methods resulting in the possibility of studying concurrent exposure through method assays capable of determination of concomitant mycotoxins in foods, as well as mycotoxin biomarkers in blood or urine (Capriotti et al, 2012;Solfrizzo et al, 2011Solfrizzo et al, , 2014Warth et al, 2012Warth et al, , 2013. Biomarkers is a valuable tool in measuring exposure at the individual level while avoiding the problems associated with dietary registration and the heterogeneous contamination of mycotoxins in food which otherwise may hamper exposure assessments (Bryden, 2007;Solfrizzo et al, 2011;Timbrell, 1998;Turner et al, 2012Turner et al, , 2011.…”

Mycotoxin Contamination in Sugarcane Grass and Juice: First Report on Detection of Multiple Mycotoxins and Exposure Assessment for Aflatoxins B1 and G1 in Humans

“…One of the most important aspects in the risk analysis of food contaminants is to determine the degree of human exposure [18]. In the case of mycotoxins, this exposure is generally assessed by taking into account data on mycotoxin occurrence in foodstuffs as well as data on the dietary consumption of the concerned population [19,20], although analytical methods for determination of individual exposure by analysis of biofluids have recently been developed [21,22,23,24]. …”